Bilateral hind limb deformities and subsequent medially luxating patellas in a kitten.

A 9-week-old domestic long-haired kitten was presented for evaluation of bilateral hind limb deformities. Bilateral hyperextension of the tarsi was diagnosed on physical examination and was treated with physical therapy and splinting. At 4 months of age, the patient was presented with bilateral, medially luxating patellas, which were successfully treated with bilateral chondroplasty and joint capsule imbrication.

Difformité bilatérale des pattes postérieures et luxation médiale subséquente des rotules chez un chaton. Un chaton domestique à poils longs âgé de 9 semaines a été présenté pour une évaluation d'une difformité bilatérale des pattes postérieures. Une hyperextension bilatérale du tarse fut diagnostiquée lors de l'examen physique et fut traitée avec de la physiothérapie et des attelles. À 4 mois d'âge, le patient a été présenté avec des luxations médiales bilatérales des rotules qui furent traitées avec succès par chondroplastie bilatérale et imbrication de la capsule articulaire.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Antibacterial Efficacy of Several Surgical Hand Preparation Products Used by Veterinary Students.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the antibacterial efficacy of different surgical hand antisepsis protocols used by veterinary students. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled study. STUDY POPULATION: Third year veterinary students (n=45). METHODS: The participants were randomly assigned to 4 of the following 12 hand preparation product/time combinations: nonabrasive hand scrub method with 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CH); hand rub with a mixture of 30% 1-propanol and 45% 2-propanol solution (MPS), 70% 2-propanol solution (IPS), or 61% ethanol solution with 1% chlorhexidine gluconate (ES/CH), with a contact time of 1.5, 3, or 5 minutes. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed after surgical hand preparation and at the end of surgery. Log reductions of total bacterial colony forming unit (CFU)/mL and positive aerobic culture rates were compared using multivariable analysis of variance and multivariable logistic regression, respectively. RESULTS: After surgical hand preparation, CH and ES/CH provided significantly higher log CFU reduction and lower positive culture rate for Gram-positive and spore-forming bacteria compared to MPS and IPS. Increase in contact time did not provide significant improvement in bacterial reduction. At the end of surgery, ES/CH provided significantly higher log CFU reduction compared to IPS and lower positive culture rate for Gram-positive bacteria compared to CH, MPS, and IPS. Increase in contact time significantly improved log CFU reduction in ES/CH and MPS groups. CONCLUSION: In our population of veterinary students ES/CH hand rubs or CH scrubs were more effective in reducing bacterial CFU during surgical hand preparation than MPS or IPS.

SURGICAL CORRECTION OF BILATERAL PATELLAR LUXATION IN AN AMERICAN BLACK BEAR CUB (URSUS AMERICANUS).

A wild orphaned male American black bear cub ( Ursus americanus ) presented with hind limb gait abnormalities and was found to have bilateral grade 3 laterally luxating patellas. There were no other significant abnormalities detected on neurologic, radiographic, or hematologic examinations. The trochlear grooves were deepened with a chondroplasty, and the redundant soft tissues imbricated. There was a marked improvement in the bear's gait postoperatively, with an apparent full return to function. To the authors' knowledge, patellar luxation has not been reported in the Ursidae family, and the success in this case suggests that this technique may be used in large wild or captive carnivore cubs.

Comparison of 3 methods of onychectomy.

The frequency of claw regrowth, bony remnants, and complications in cats that underwent forelimb onychectomy using laser, scalpel, or guillotine techniques were evaluated. Eighty-seven client-owned cats were recruited from 27 veterinary clinics in the Canadian Atlantic provinces. At least 1 year after onychectomy the cats underwent a physical examination, gait analysis, and radiographic evaluation by 1 of 2 authors. There was no significant difference in the frequency of claw regrowth among the 3 methods (P = 0.283). Significantly more cats had bony remnants following guillotine onychectomy (P < 0.001). Bony remnants were significantly associated with claw regrowth (P = 0.001). Cats that underwent laser onychectomy had significantly less post-operative complications (P = 0.023). The long-term outcome was not significantly different among the 3 methods. We conclude that leaving remnants of the third phalanx in situ is associated with an increased frequency of claw regrowth. Laser onychectomy may be preferred to reduce the risk of post-operative complications, bony remnants, and claw regrowth.

Comparaison de 3 méthodes d'onychectomie. La fréquence de la repousse des griffes, des reliquats osseux et des complications chez les chats qui avaient subi une onychectomie des pattes avant en utilisant le laser, le scalpel, ou les techniques de guillotine a été évaluée. Quatre-vingt-sept chats appartenant à des clients ont été recrutés dans 27 cliniques vétérinaires des provinces de l'Atlantique du Canada. Au moins 1 an après l'onychectomie, les chats ont subi une évaluation physique, une analyse de la démarche et une évaluation radiographique par 1 des 2 auteurs. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans la fréquence de la repousse des griffes entre les 3 méthodes (P = 0,283). Un nombre significativement supérieur de chats avaient des reliquats osseux après l'onychectomie à la guillotine (P < 0,001). Les reliquats osseux étaient significativement associés à la repousse de griffes (P = 0,001). Les chats qui ont subi une onychectomie au laser présentaient un nombre significativement inférieur de complications postopératoires (P = 0,023). Les résultats à long terme n'étaient pas significativement différents entre les 3 méthodes. Nous avons conclu que la présence de reliquats in situ dans la troisième phalange est associée à une fréquence accrue de repousse des griffes. L'onychectomie au laser peut être préférable pour réduire le risque de complications postopératoires, des reliquats et de la repousse des griffes.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Isolation, characterization, and in vitro proliferation of canine mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, muscle, and periosteum.

OBJECTIVE: To isolate and characterize mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from canine muscle and periosteum and compare proliferative capacities of bone marrow-, adipose tissue-, muscle-, and periosteum-derived MSCs (BMSCs, AMSCs, MMSCs, and PMSCs, respectively). SAMPLE: -7 canine cadavers. PROCEDURES: -MSCs were characterized on the basis of morphology, immunofluorescence of MSC-associated cell surface markers, and expression of pluripotency-associated transcription factors. Morphological and histochemical methods were used to evaluate differentiation of MSCs cultured in adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic media. Messenger ribonucleic acid expression of alkaline phosphatase, RUNX2, OSTERIX, and OSTEOPONTIN were evaluated as markers for osteogenic differentiation. Passage-1 MSCs were counted at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours to determine tissue-specific MSC proliferative capacity. Mesenchymal stem cell yield per gram of tissue was calculated for confluent passage-1 MSCs. RESULTS: -Successful isolation of BMSCs, AMSCs, MMSCs, and PMSCs was determined on the basis of morphology; expression of CD44 and CD90; no expression of CD34 and CD45; mRNA expression of SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG; and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Proliferative capacity was not significantly different among BMSCs, AMSCs, MMSCs, and PMSCs over a 4-day culture period. Periosteum provided a significantly higher MSC yield per gram of tissue once confluent in passage 1 (mean ± SD of 19,400,000 ± 12,800,000 of PMSCs/g of periosteum obtained in a mean ± SD of 13 ± 1.64 days). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: -Results indicated that canine muscle and periosteum may be sources of MSCs. Periosteum was a superior tissue source for MSC yield and may be useful in allogenic applications.

Immunohistochemical staining of urokinase plasminogen activator-like and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like proteins in the urinary tract of healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine distribution of urokinase plasminogen activator-like protein and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like protein in urinary tract tissues of healthy dogs. ANIMALS: 11 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES: Necropsy specimens from kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, prostate, and testis were obtained from 4 sexually intact female dogs, 5 sexually intact males, and 2 castrated males; dogs ranged in age from juvenile to adult. Urokinase plasminogen activator-like protein and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like protein in tissue lysates from kidney, prostate, and testis were identified by use of SDS-PAGE, western blot analysis, and immunoprecipitation. Urokinase plasminogen activator-like protein and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like protein in kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, prostate, and testis were identified by use of immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections. RESULTS: Urokinase plasminogen activator-like protein and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like protein in the molecular-weight range published for urokinase and urokinase receptor (53 and 33 kd for urokinase and 60 to 65 kd for urokinase receptor) were identified. Distribution of the proteins identified by use of immunohistochemical staining was comparable with published information for humans and mice for the urinary tract. Staining of these proteins was detected in more tissue types than reported in healthy humans. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Urokinase plasminogen activator-like protein and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like protein were detected in the urinary tract of healthy dogs. This information is important for further evaluation of the functions of urokinase and urokinase receptor in the canine urinary tract and the pathophysiologic features of urinary tract disease.