ABSTRACT
To control growing world population, there is a need for male contraceptive methods that are comparable to female contraceptives, but due to lack of knowledge or investigation, no sufficient safe and effective contraceptives were developed till now. In the present investigation, the effect of 100% methanol extract of Opuntia dillenii phylloclade on reproduction in male rats was studied. A first group (I) received vehicle alone to serve as control. The second group (II) was further divided into treated and recovery groups, and the plant extract at 50 mg kg body weight(-1) was administered orally for 30 days. Biochemical, haematological and histopathological analyses were carried out to reveal the effects on reproductive organs in the male rats. The weights of reproductive organs were recorded. It was found that the number of fertile males, number of inseminated females, number of litters delivered and testosterone levels were reduced significantly. Epididymal sperm count and motility were also significantly decreased. Biochemical parameters support the antifertility activity of O. dillenii i.e. decreases in protein, glycogen content and elevation in cholesterol level. Testes and sperm morphology were altered significantly. Haematological parameters have not shown any significant changes. It is concluded that 100% methanol extract of O. dillenii possesses antifertility effects on male reproduction without change in general physiology.
Subject(s)
Fertility/drug effects , Methanol/chemistry , Opuntia/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Body Weight/drug effects , Female , Male , Organ Size/drug effects , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Rats , Spermatozoa/drug effectsSubject(s)
Caffeine/adverse effects , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
In adverse drug reaction studies proper control over 'Back ground noise' is to be maintained to avoid erroneous conclusions to be drawn for adverse drug effects. Healthy volunteers, not taking any medication, were surveyed by a questionnaire to obtain data on the occurrence of any symptoms, often ascribed to side effects of drugs. Only 62 subjects out of a total of 236 (26.27%) stated experiencing none of these symptoms during the previous 3 days. The remaining subjects reported some symptoms, with an median number of symptoms experienced per person being 2; the most common being fatigue; headache, inability to concentrate and excessive sleepiness.
