Demographics of men receiving vasectomies in Poland 2019-2020.

Introduction: The demographics of men undergoing vasectomy in Poland has not been thoroughly evaluated. The objective of the study is to characterise patients who underwent vasectomy in 2019-2020 in terms of their motivation, the level of acceptance of the method, their social and health status and the way religion influenced their choice. Material and methods: This is a prospective observational study based on a survey taken before vasectomy. The surveys attached were collected in 2019-2020. A total number of 253 surveys were collected. Results: A total of 43 men aged between 31 and 40 constituted 56.52% of all patients. Of the patients surveyed, 123 (48.62%) were in their first stable relationship. In total, 230 participants (90.91%) declared no intention of having children. A total of 128 patients surveyed (50.59%) showed no interest in the possibility of adoption, whereas 109 (43.08%) did consider adoption. Most of the patients - 150 (59.29%), had been considering vasectomy for 1-3 years. The most popular contraceptive methods were oral contraception - 68 surveyed (26.88%) and condoms - 66 (26.09%). Vasectomy did not collide with religion in 241 cases (95.26%). Seven patients (2.77%) chose vasectomy due to a genetic defect. A total of 46 out of 243 men (18.18%) chose this contraceptive method due to their partners' health. Conclusions: Vasectomy in Poland has been performed for over 18 years, however, accessibility has been limited. Recently, the procedure has been gaining in popularity. Now the age structure and partnership status correspond with the data from other centres in the world. Our study showed positive trends of co-responsibility of both partners for procreation and family planning.

Diagnostic and treatment delays among patients with primary bladder cancer in Poland: a survey study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine and quantify the mechanisms responsible for the delays in bladder cancer diagnosis and initial treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients referred to two academic hospitals in Poland with a primary bladder tumor were prospectively identified and structurally interviewed. For all patients, time intervals between symptom onset, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 144 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer were included in the analysis. The median time from symptom onset to treatment was 112 days. This comprised of the following median waiting times: 1) patient waiting time of 13 days, 2) assessment waiting time of 14 days and 3) treatment waiting time of 42 days. In the multivariate analysis, large city residence (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.6) and comorbidity (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8) reduced the risk of delay, whereas medium-sized city residence (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.4-5.1) and general practitioner as the first medical professional contact (OR 5.3, 95% CI 0.6-50.0) increased the risk of delay. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic and treatment waiting times for bladder cancer in Poland are unsatisfactory. Potential solutions for shortening these delays include healthcare policy changes such as utilization of the oncological priority programs, primary care education and public health campaigns.

Air pollution may affect the assessment of smoking habits by exhaled carbon monoxide measurements.

BACKGROUND: While European air quality policies reduce ambient carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in general, there are still areas affected by high environmental CO exposure from transportation, industry and burning low-quality fossil fuels. We investigated, how these CO amounts might influence exhaled CO measurements used to monitor the smoking status of healthy subjects. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of healthy adults living in areas of high air pollution (N = 742) and low air pollution (N = 197) in Poland. They completed a survey regarding their smoking habits and underwent necessary body measurements including exhaled CO concentration levels. RESULTS: Ambient CO levels were much higher in highly pollutes cities. Also exhaled CO levels in subjects from high pollution areas were significantly higher, independent of subject smoking status (8.25 ppm vs. 3.26 ppm). Smokers exhaled more CO than non-smokers. Although the duration of smoking did not affect the CO levels, they were proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked during the day, especially for higher amounts of cigarettes and in unpolluted areas. It was possible to differentiate active from passive smokers in all areas, but the difference for passive smokers vs. non-smokers was significant only in low pollution city inhabitants. CONCLUSIONS: Exhaled CO levels were confirmed to be a good indicator of smoking status and smoking pattern in healthy subjects. However, high environmental CO levels both increase baseline exhaled CO concentrations in non-smokers affecting their discrimination from passive smokers, and obscure categorizing cigarette consumption in heavy smokers. These findings add important evidence on both understanding of exhaled CO monitoring results and a significance of environmental CO exposure in areas with high pollution.

Influence of air pollution on exhaled carbon monoxide levels in smokers and non-smokers. A prospective cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The poor air quality and cigarette smoking are the most important reasons for increased carbon monoxide (CO) level in exhaled air. However, the influence of high air pollution concentration in big cities on the exhaled CO level has not been well studied yet. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of smoking habit and air pollution in the place of living on the level of CO in exhaled air. METHODS: Citizens from two large cities and one small town in Poland were asked to complete a survey disclosing their place of residence, education level, work status and smoking habits. Subsequently, the CO level in their exhaled air was measured. Air quality data, obtained from the Regional Inspectorates of Environmental Protection, revealed the differences in atmospheric CO concentration between locations. RESULTS: 1226 subjects were divided into 4 groups based on their declared smoking status and place of living. The average CO level in exhaled air was significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.0001) as well as in non-smokers from big cities than non-smokers from small ones (p<0.0001). Created model showed that non-smokers from big cities have odds ratio of 125.3 for exceeding CO cutoff level of 4ppm compared to non-smokers from small towns. CONCLUSIONS: The average CO level in exhaled air is significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers. Among non-smokers, the average exhaled CO level is significantly higher in big city than small town citizens. These results suggest that permanent exposure to an increased concentration of air pollution and cigarette smoking affect the level of exhaled CO.