The association of the persecutory ideation questionnaire with clinically-relevant and other outcomes: the moderating role of confidence.

One of the most used self-administered instruments to assess persecutory delusions is the Persecutory Ideation Questionnaire (PIQ). Individual differences in PIQ scores are important because they predict the severity of symptoms associated with psychosis-related disorders. The current research demonstrates that PIQ is associated with two new outcomes: Satisfaction with life (Studies 1 and 2) and therapy length needed for hospital discharge (Study 2). Most relevant, we introduce meta-cognitive confidence in one's scale responses as a construct capable of improving the predictive validity of the PIQ. Across two studies, participants from the general population (Study 1) and from a clinical sample (Study 2) completed the PIQ and then reported the confidence in their responses. As expected, the PIQ was associated with satisfaction with life in both cases and duration of therapy required to receive hospital discharge for the clinical sample. Most importantly, confidence further moderated the extent to which the PIQ scores were linked with both outcomes, with greater consistency between the PIQ and the dependent measures obtained for those with higher confidence. Therefore, asking a single item about the confidence associated with responses to the PIQ enhances the association of PIQ scores and relevant consequences across domains.

Positive Mental Health of Frontline Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19 First Wave and Second Wave in Spain: The Protective Role of Social Recognition.

BACKGROUND: The study of the COVID-19 disease consequences on healthcare professionals' mental health has drawn a great interest in psychology and other behavioral sciences. Previous studies mainly focused on professionals' health in terms of psychopathology, therefore, there is no research examining their positive mental health during both the first and the second wave. Also, there is no research studying healthcare professionals' social recognition during the pandemic and the influence of this variable on professionals' positive health. METHODS: Following the WHO's recommendations, our objective was to measure pathology (i.e., anxiety and traumatic intensity), positive health (i.e., Hedonic, Psychological and Social Well-being) and social recognition in a sample of 200 healthcare professionals in the frontline care of Covid-19 patients. RESULTS: In both waves, participants showed high levels of anxiety and traumatic intensity, although, as expected, in the second (vs. the first) wave psychopathological symptoms decreased. Concerning positive health indicators, in the second wave, health professionals showed more hedonic and psychological well-being than in the first one. However, in the second wave social well-being was lower than in the first wave, an expected though apparently paradoxical result, linked to the decrease in healthcare professionals' social recognition between the first and the second wave. In fact, bootstrapping procedures and Sobel Test confirm the mediating role of social recognition on the effect of Covid-19 wave on social well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Public institutions, governments, and society in general, should recognize health professionals' work, given that social recognition is a fundamental protection factor for social well-being.

Brief Version of the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scales for Children and Adolescents: Evidence of Validity.

BACKGROUND: Well-being has become a core concept in the study of positive child health, however, previous instruments for well-being evaluation have been centered mainly on the hedonic component. Therefore, the objective of this study was to adapt the Psychological Well-being Scales for assessing eudaimonic well-being in children and adolescents using a single-item per dimension approach. METHOD: A total of 312 participants (52.9% girls; ages 10-18) from Spain completed the Psychological Well-Being Scales Short Form, the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and their psychological well-being was evaluated via a semi-structured interview by a developmental psychologist who was an expert in positive psychology. RESULTS: Parallel analysis and exploratory factor analysis suggested a unidimensional structure that showed an excellent fit to the data. The new measure also demonstrated scalar invariance across gender and age. Moreover, the new scale significantly correlated with both WHO-5 and the expert´s ratings of psychological well-being, indicating adequate criterion validity. CONCLUSIONS: The Psychological Well-Being Scales Short Form is a useful, brief measuring instrument that reduces children cognitive fatigue during evaluation.

Brief Version of the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scales for Childrenand Adolescents: Evidence of Validity / Versión Reducida de las Escalas de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff ParaNiños y Adolescentes: Evidencias de Validez

Background: Well-being has become a core concept in the study of positivechild health, however, previous instruments for well-being evaluation havebeen centered mainly on the hedonic component. Therefore, the objectiveof this study was to adapt the Psychological Well-being Scales for assessingeudaimonic well-being in children and adolescents using a single-item perdimension approach. Method: A total of 312 participants (52.9% girls;ages 10-18) from Spain completed the Psychological Well-Being ScalesShort Form, the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and their psychological well-being was evaluated via a semi-structured interview by a developmentalpsychologist who was an expert in positive psychology. Results: Parallelanalysis and exploratory factor analysis suggested a unidimensionalstructure that showed an excellent fit to the data. The new measure alsodemonstrated scalar invariance across gender and age. Moreover, thenew scale significantly correlated with both WHO-5 and the expert’sratings of psychological well-being, indicating adequate criterion validity.Conclusions: The Psychological Well-Being Scales Short Form is a useful,brief measuring instrument that reduces children cognitive fatigue duringevaluation.

Antecedentes: el bienestarse ha convertido en un concepto central para el estudio de la salud infantil,aunque los instrumentos previos para su evaluación se han centrado en sucomponente hedónico. Por ello, nuestro objetivo fue adaptar las Escalasde Bienestar Psicológico para su uso con niños y adolescentes utilizandoun enfoque de un único ítem por dimensión. Método: un total de 312participantes (52,9% mujeres; edades 10-18) españoles completaron lanueva versión reducida de las escalas de bienestar psicológico, el índicede bienestar de la OMS-5, y su bienestar fue evaluado mediante unaentrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: el análisis paralelo y el análisisfactorial exploratorio sugirieron una estructura unidimensional quemostró un ajuste excelente a los datos. Además, la nueva medida presentóinvariancia escalar para el género y la edad. La nueva escala correlacionósignificativamente con la escala de OMS-5, así como con la evaluacióndel experto externo sobre la satisfacción con la vida global, indicando unaadecuada validez de criterio. Conclusiones: la versión reducida de lasEscalas de Bienestar Psicológico para jóvenes ha mostrado unas excelentespropiedades psicométricas, siendo un instrumento de medición breve quereduce la fatiga cognitiva de los jóvenes durante la evaluación.

Impact of the MooN Physical Education Program on the Socio-Emotional Competencies of Preadolescents.

Few studies have analyzed emotional educational experiences through physical education interventions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on socio-emotional competencies of a physical education intervention (i.e., the MooN program) based on the instructional model known as the sports education model (SEM), compared to a physical education intervention based on the traditional model of direct instruction (TM-DI) in preadolescents. The sample consisted of 170 students between 10 and 13 years old (mean age: M = 10.76; standard deviation: SD = 0.73). Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (SEM; n = 87) and the active control group (TM-DI; n = 83). In the experimental group, the SEM-based intervention was applied, while in the active control group, an intervention based on the TM-DI was developed. A quasi-experimental design with repeated pre-test and post-test measures and an active control group was used. The self-efficacy inventory for multiple intelligences (IAMI-40) was used to assess the children's socio-emotional competencies. The child perfectionism inventory was applied to evaluate the self-demand perfectionist efforts. The results confirmed that the MooN program (SEM intervention) promoted significant improvements in socio-emotional competencies. These findings support the potential of this physical education instructional model as an emotional education pathway for the socio-emotional improvement of preadolescent students.

Anxiety, trauma and well-being in health-care professionals during COVID-19 first wave in Spain: the moderating role of personal protection equipment availability.

BACKGROUND: The effect of COVID-19 on Health-Care Professionals' mental health has received increased attention in the last year's literature. However, previous studies essentially evaluated psychopathological symptoms and not the presence of positive mental health. Therefore, the first objective of the present research is to evaluate health-care professionals' mental illness (i.e., anxiety and traumatic intensity) and positive mental health (i.e., well-being) using the Complete State Model of Health. Our second objective is to study the effect of Personal Protection Equipment availability on professionals' mental health. METHODS: Two-hundred and thirty-two health-care professionals working in Spain in the first line of COVID-19 patient care participated in the study. To measure anxiety, traumatic intensity and well-being participants completed the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Davidson Trauma Scale, and the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form. Pearson correlations were used to examine the relationships between all scales. In order to test the two continua model of mental health, we used parallel analysis and exploratory factor analysis. To analyze anxiety, traumatic intensity, and well-being differences between health-care professionals with and without Personal Protection Equipment availability we conducted different ANOVAS. To test our hypothesis regarding the moderating role of Personal Protection Equipment availability in the effect of mental illness on positive mental health, data were subjected to a hierarchical regression analysis. RESULTS: As in previous studies, health-care professionals showed high levels of anxiety and traumatic intensity. They also presented low levels of well-being indicators. According to our hypothesis, results of parallel analysis and exploratory factorial analysis indicated that the measures of mental illness and positive mental health loaded on separate but correlated factors. Finally, Personal Protection Equipment availability moderated the effects of state anxiety and traumatic intensity on professionals' well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Health-care professionals' mental illness and positive mental health reflect distinct continua, rather than the extreme ends of a single spectrum. Therefore, it is essential to measure both psychopathology and the presence of positive health to comprehensively evaluate professionals' mental health. Finally, our results indicated that Personal Protection Equipment availability is essential not only for professionals' physical health, but also for their mental health.

Paranoid Thinking and Wellbeing. The Role of Doubt in Pharmacological and Metacognitive Therapies.

INTRODUCTION: Pathological confidence in one's thoughts is a key mechanism of chronic paranoid thinking. For this reason, many of the current therapies focus on trying to reduce it. In fact, the way some antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol) work seems to be through the induction of doubt. Because of the impact of these pathological thoughts on positive health, studying the well-being of people who experience paranoid thoughts is fundamental. The first objective of this research is to apply the Complete State Model of Health (CSMH) to a sample of patients characterized by the presence of paranoid thinking. Our second objective is to evaluate the impact of therapies based on reducing pathological confidence on patients' well-being. METHODS: Sixty participants with SCID-5 confirmed DSM-5 diagnosis related with paranoid thinking and without mood symptoms were recruited. In order to test the existence of a two continua model of mental health (CSMH), we conducted a parallel analysis and an exploratory factor analysis. To test our hypothesis regarding the partially mediating role of doubt between paranoid thinking and patients' well-being, we conducted a biased corrected bootstrapping procedure. RESULTS: As expected, two different unipolar dimensions emerged from the measures used to assess paranoid thinking and positive health (two continua model of mental health). When patients received metacognitive and pharmacological treatment, more paranoid thinking led to more doubt in all thoughts, which in turn affected well-being. The analyses carried out confirmed the partial mediating role of doubt. CONCLUSION: Despite the efficacy shown by both metacognitive therapies and antipsychotics, it seems that they not only reduce pathological confidence, but can also affect other thoughts not linked to delirium. This effect of generalization of doubt in all thoughts negatively affected patients' well-being and quality of life.

Post-traumatic cognitions and quality of life in terrorism victims: the role of well-being in indirect versus direct exposure.

BACKGROUND: The effect of indirect (versus direct) exposure to a traumatic event on the quality of life of terrorist attack victims has received considerable attention in the literature. However, more research is required to examine whether the symptoms and underlying processes caused by both types of exposure are equivalent. Our main hypothesis is that well-being plays a different role depending on indirect vs. direct trauma exposure. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, eighty direct victims of 11-M terrorist attacks (people who were traveling in trains where bombs were placed) and two-hundred indirect victims (individuals highly exposed to the 11-M terrorist attacks through communications media) voluntarily participated without compensation. To test our hypothesis regarding the mediating role of indirect exposure, we conducted a biased corrected bootstrapping procedure. To test our hypothesis regarding the moderating role of direct exposure, data were subjected to a hierarchical regression analysis. RESULTS: As predicted, for indirect trauma exposure, well-being mediated the relationship between post-traumatic dysfunctional cognitions and trauma symptoms. However, for direct trauma exposure, well-being moderated the relationship between post-traumatic dysfunctional cognitions and trauma symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study indicate that the different role of well-being found between indirect (causal factor) and direct exposure (protective factor) should be taken into consideration in interventions designed to improve victims' health.