ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Diphallia is extremely rare urological anomaly with reported incidence of 1 in 5-6 million live births. It can present as complete or incomplete diphallia. In most of the cases it is associated with complex urological, gastrointestinal or anorectal malformations. CASE PRESENTATION: We report here case of a newborn who was presented to us at 1st day of life with diphallia and anorectal malformation. He had true diphallia with two separate uretheral orifices. Both phalluses were uncircumcised, phallus 1 was 2.5 cm in length while phallus 2 was 1.5 cm. Both phalluses had normal shaped glans with uretheral opening located at the normal place He had a single scrotum with two midline raphe and well-formed rouge. He was passing urine from both orifices. His ultrasonography of urological system showed two ureters and a single hemi bladder. He was admitted and operated upon and a sigmoid divided colostomy was constructed. Per-operatively congenital pouch colon (type 4) was identified. His post-operative recovery was uneventful. The patient was discharged on second post-operative day and called for follow up. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Diphallia is a rare congenital anomaly, which means two structurally and anatomically separate phalluses. Complete Duplication in Diphallia presents the kind of Diphallia in which both the phalluses have two corpus cavernosum and only one corpus spongiosum. As diphallia presents with a spectrum of diseases; therefore, it requires a multidisciplinary approach. A case of Diphallia may well present with complex urogenital, gastrointestinal or anorectal malformations. As in our case the patient had Diphallia with anorectal malformation. Hence he was operated upon and a sigmoid colostomy was constructed. CONCLUSION: Diphallia is a very rare congenital anomaly which can occur in association with anorectal malformations. Management of such cases should be individualized depending upon the spectrum of disease.
ABSTRACT
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the liver constitute the major organs of the human body. Indeed, the very survival of the human body depends on their proper functioning. Because the GIT is a huge and complex organ system, the maintenance of proper GIT and liver health is an arduous task. GIT disturbances such as diarrhea, stomach ache, flatulence, constipation, nausea, and vomiting are very common, and they contribute to a significant burden on the healthcare system. Pharmacies are full of over-the-counter pharmacological drugs to alleviate its common conditions. However, these drugs do not always prove to be fully effective and patients have to keep on living with these ailments without a proper and long-term solution. The aim of this review article is to present a practical reference guide to the role of herbal medicines in dealing with gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders, which is supported by systematic reviews and evidence-based trials. People have depended on herbal medications for centuries for the treatment of various ailments of the GIT, liver, and other organ system problems. Recently, this trend of incorporating herbal medication for the treatment of various diseases in both developing and developed countries have surged. Many people continue to use herbal medications, even though substantial data about their efficacy, uses, and toxicological effects do not exist. In addition, while herbal medicines have enormous benefits in both the prevention and the treatment of medical ailments, they can also have toxicological effects. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that appropriate time, energy, and resources are spent on the development of ethnopharmacology. In addition, herbal products should be classified in a pattern similar to pharmacological medications, including their uses, side effects, mechanism of action, efficacy, and so on.
