The effect of N-acetylcysteine on the neurotoxicity of sevoflurane in developing hippocampus cells.

Sevoflurane, a common pediatric anesthetic, has been linked to neurodegeneration, raising safety concerns. This study explored N-acetylcysteine's protective potential against sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampi. Four groups were examined: Control: Received 6 hours of 3 l/min gas (air and 30 % O2) and intraperitoneal saline. NAC: Received 6 hours of 3 l/min gas and 150 mg/kg NAC intraperitoneally. Sev: Exposed to 6 hours of 3 l/min gas and 3 % sevoflurane. Sev+NAC: Received 6 hours of 3 l/min gas, 3 % sevoflurane, and 150 mg/kg NAC. Protein levels of NRF-2, NLRP3, IL-1ß, caspase-1, Beclin 1, p62, LC3A, and apoptosis markers were assessed. Sevoflurane and NAC alone reduced autophagy, while Sev+NAC group maintained autophagy levels. Sev group had elevated NRF-2, NLRP3, pNRF2, Caspase-1, and IL-1ß, which were reduced in Sev+NAC. Apoptosis was higher in Sev, but Sev+NAC showed reduced apoptosis compared to the control. In summary, sevoflurane induced neurotoxicity in developing hippocampus, which was mitigated by N-acetylcysteine administration.

A Comparison of the Effects of Dexamethasone and Methylprednisolone, Used on Level-3 Intensive Care COVID-19 Patients, on Mortality: A Multi-Center Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is often a mild disease, usually manifesting with respiratory complaints, and is sometimes mortal due to multiple organ failure. Hyperinflammation is a known COVID-19 component and is associated with organ dysfunction, disease severity and mortality. Controlling hyperinflammatory response is crucial in determining treatment direction. An important agent in providing this control is corticosteroids. This study aimed to determine whether dexamethasone and methylprednisolone, doses, administration time and duration in COVID-19 treatment are associated with improved treatment outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study was conducted with participation of 6 healthcare centers which collected data by retrospectively examining files of 1,340 patients admitted to intensive care unit due to COVID-19 between March 2020 and September 2021, diagnosed with polymerase chain reaction (+) and/or clinically and radiologically. RESULTS: Mortality in the pulse methylprednisolone group was statistically significantly higher than that in the other 3 groups. Mortality was higher in older patients with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney failure, coronary artery disease, and dementia. Pulse and mini-pulse steroid doses were less effective than standard methylprednisolone and dexamethasone doses, pulse steroid doses being associated with high mortality. Standard-dose methylprednisolone and dexamethasone led to similar effects, but standard dose methylprednisolone was more effective in severe patients who required mechanical ventilation (MV). Infection development was related to steroid treatment duration, not cumulative steroid dose. CONCLUSION: Corticosteroids are shown to be beneficial in critical COVID-19, but the role of early corticosteroids in mild COVID-19 patients remains unclear. The anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids may have a positive effect by reducing mortality in severe COVID-19 patients. Although dexamethasone was first used for this purpose, methylprednisolone was found to be as effective at standard doses. Methylprednisolone administered at standard doses was associated with greater PaO2/FiO2 ratios than dexamethasone, especially in the severe group requiring MV. High dose pulse steroid doses are closely associated with mortality and standard methylprednisolone dose is recommended.

Acupressure Versus Ondansetron Usage for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Gynecologic Surgeries.

Introduction Anti-emetic interventions include pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic strategies. Acupressure is a non-pharmacologic and non-invasive therapeutic method that involves applying physical pressure to acupuncture points with fingers or devices. The pericardium (PC6) acupoint is located on the palm side of the wrist between the palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis tendons, three fingers across the wrist starting at the wrist crease. Our first aim was to assess the effect of PC6 point acupressure on PONV after gynecological surgeries compared to intravenous (IV) ondansetron. Secondly, we aimed to assess the factors associated with the first and second hours (early) postoperative nausea scores. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, and single-centered intervention study conducted between November 1, 2022, and December 31, 2022, in a tertiary care hospital. Sancaktepe Martyr Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Education and Research Hospital Ethical Committee provided ethical approval for this study on October 14, 2022 (No: E-46059653-020). Randomization was done using the lottery method. Patients, who were over the age of 18 with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical score of I, II, or III status and had undergone gynecologic surgery under general anesthesia, were included. Patients, who were ASA IV, under continuous use of opioids or corticoids, underwent surgery with regional anesthesia, or declined to participate in the study, were excluded. There were two comparisons in this study. First, we divided patients into two groups according to anti-emetic prevention. Patients, who received IV 4 mg ondansetron (Group O), and patients, who placed acupressure bands at the P6 points on both forearms (Group B). The second comparison was done to assess the factors associated with early postoperative nausea. Patients were divided into two groups according to the mean early postoperative nausea scores as low (< 4, Group 1) and high/moderate (≥ 4, Group 2). PONV and pain scores were collected at five-time points: the first, second, sixth, twelfth, and twenty-fourth hours after surgery. Results Of 102 patients, 50 were in Group O and 52 were in Group B. There was no significant difference in postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting scores. Fifty patients (50%), including 24 patients (48%) in Group O and 26 patients (52%) in Group B, experienced early moderate/high postoperative nausea in our study. According to the second comparison, 52 patients were in Group 1, and 50 patients were in Group 2. Operation time; first and second-hour pain scores; first, second, sixth, twelfth, and twenty-fourth-hour scores; and first and second-hour vomiting scores were all significantly different across groups. Conclusion The effect of PC6 point acupressure on early PONV compared to IV ondansetron was similar after gynecological surgeries. However, using only one anti-emetic treatment did not adequately relieve early PONV. Of all patients, 11 (10%) required an extra anti-emetic medication at the ward. 50% of patients experienced early moderate/high postoperative nausea in our study. Motion sickness history, operation time, and early postoperative pain scores were associated with early PONV.

Chronic Pain and Health Related Quality of Life Assessment One Year After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To assess chronic pain prevalence, health related quality of life (HRQOL), and factors associated with HRQOL in patients at least one year after total knee arthrosplasty (TKA). STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Sancaktepe Martyr Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Education and Training Hospital, between June 2019 and June 2021. METHODOLOGY: Patients, who had undergone elective TKA operation for the first time were included in the study. The identified patients were contacted by phone and asked to complete questionnaires including short form 12 version 2 (SF-12 v2) for HRQOL, having components, physical (PCS) and mental health score (MCS). Demographic and perioperative data were collected by reviewing the patients' medical records retrospectively. RESULTS: Of the 122 selected patients, 105 (86%) patients accepted to take survey via telephone. According to MCS scores, all patients showed good mental health. Patients were classified according to their PCS; into low HRQOL (Group L, n=42) and high HRQOL (Group H, n=63). Six percent of patients had chronic pain and 60% had high HRQOL after TKA. Age, body mass index (BMI), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were significantly higher in Group L. Postoperative numerical rating scale (NRS, p=0.007) and dolour neuropathic pain score (DN4, p=0.002) were significantly different between both groups. CONCLUSION: Older age, high BMI, COPD, postoperative chronic pain, and postoperative neuropathic pain were associated with HRQOL after TKA. KEY WORDS: Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee, Pain, postoperative, Chronic pain, Neuralgia, Quality of Life.

The effect of extubation in prone position on emergence and recovery in lumbar spinal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Extubation of patients in supine position after prone operations may lead to unwanted effects on hemodynamic and respiratory parameters during emergence and recovery period. We aimed to observe the effects of prone position on emergence and recovery periods after prone surgery. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was studied with sixty patients extubated either in prone position (30 patients) or in supine position (30 patients) after lumbar spinal surgery in tertiary educational hospitals. Heart rate, non-invasive arterial blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation and Bispectral Index values were measured, and recorded in all patients during operation, at the time an anesthetic agent was discontinued, before and after extubation. The number of the mouth suctioning, Aldrete recovery score, and Ricker agitation score were recorded together with the severity of cough during emergence and recovery. Incidents such as nausea, vomiting, respiratory failure, uncontrolled airway, and decreased saturation were also recorded. RESULTS: Heart rate and mean arterial pressure values were significantly lower in the prone group during emergence and recovery period compared with the supine group (P<0.05). Aldrete Recovery Scores were higher in the prone group (P<0.001). The number of the mouth suctioning and the cough severity were lower in the prone group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Extubation in the prone position provides a more comfortable emergence and recovery periods by less altering the hemodynamic and respiratory status with better recovery profile.

Post-operative outcomes of intra-operative restrictive and conventional fluid management in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery.

Context: Intra-operative fluid management has been shown to significantly alter a patient's clinical condition in peri-operative care. Studies in the literature that investigated the effects of different amounts of intra-operative fluids on outcomes reported conflicting results. Aims: To compare the post-operative results of intra-operative restrictive and conventional fluid administrations in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. Settings and Design: All patients with ASA I, II and III, and those who had undergone laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery were included. It was a retrospective, cohort study. Subjects and Methods: A review of laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgeries performed by the same fellow-trained colorectal surgeon with different anaesthesiologists between 1 January, 2018 and 30 November, 2021. Results: In total 80 patients were analysed; 2 patients were excluded, 28 patients were in restrictive (Group R) and 50 patients were in the conventional (Group C) group. The median age of all patients was 63 years and 74% were male. The median (interquartile ranges 25 to 75) intra-operative fluid administration was significantly different between groups; 3 ml/kg/h in Group R, and 7.2 ml/kg/h in Group C. (P < 0.001) Patients in Group C had significantly high post-operative intensive care unit admission (P < 0.05), and hospital length of stay (P = 0.005) compared to Group R. Conclusions: Intra-operative fluid management was significantly associated with post-operative hospital length of stay and intensive care unit admission. Excessive intra-operative fluid management should be avoided in daily practice to improve the outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery.

COVID-19: vaccination vs. hospitalization.

OBJECTIVE: Vaccination is the most efficient way to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but vaccination rates remain below the target level in most countries. This multicenter study aimed to evaluate the vaccination status of hospitalized patients and compare two different booster vaccine protocols. SETTING: Inoculation in Turkey began in mid-January 2021. Sinovac was the only available vaccine until April 2021, when BioNTech was added. At the beginning of July 2021, the government offered a third booster dose to healthcare workers and people aged > 50 years who had received the two doses of Sinovac. Of the participants who received a booster, most chose BioNTech as the third dose. METHODS: We collected data from 25 hospitals in 16 cities. Patients hospitalized between August 1 and 10, 2021, were included and categorized into eight groups according to their vaccination status. RESULTS: We identified 1401 patients, of which 529 (37.7%) were admitted to intensive care units. Nearly half (47.8%) of the patients were not vaccinated, and those with two doses of Sinovac formed the second largest group (32.9%). Hospitalizations were lower in the group which received 2 doses of Sinovac and a booster dose of BioNTech than in the group which received 3 doses of Sinovac. CONCLUSION: Effective vaccinations decreased COVID-19-related hospitalizations. The efficacy after two doses of Sinovac may decrease over time; however, it may be enhanced by adding a booster dose. Moreover, unvaccinated patients may be persuaded to undergo vaccination.

Aggressive Thromboprophylaxis Improves Clinical Process and Decreases the Need of Intensive Care Unit in Covid-19.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: COVID-19 might cause thrombosis in the arterial and venous system either directly or via indirect means such as cytokine storm or hypoxia. Enoxaparin might contribute to clinical recovery in COVID-19 patients, both by reducing the risk of thrombosis with anticoagulant effect and avoiding the cytokine storm with its anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, the clinical results of prophylactic enoxaparin usage in COVID-19 patients in our hospital were investigated. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the patients who had hospitalized in our hospital with the diagnosis of COVID-19 between March 12 and April 17, 2020. Patients were divided into two groups according to their clinical status. Patients who were discharged to their home were in Group-I and were transferred to intensive care unit (ICU) were in Group-II. Patients' demographics and laboratory examinations were compared between the groups. Then the effect of LMWH treatment in the rate of ICU transfer was evaluated. RESULTS: There were 1216 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the study period. Increased age, levels of D-Dimer and fibrinogen and decreased hemoglobin, platelet, lymphocyte values were found to be statistically significantly risk factor for the need of ICU. Transfer rates of ICU were two times more in the patients who did not used enoxaparin and readmission after the discharge was higher in the patients who did not received enoxaparin in the hospital. CONCLUSION: Enoxaparin treatment in COVID-19 might be effective not only anticoagulant effect but also anti-inflammatory effect that decreased the risk cytokine storm. In the patients with COVID-19 disease, starting enoxaparin treatment in the earlier stage will decrease the risk of microthrombosis in vital organs and might improve the clinical outcomes.

The Impact of a Multidisciplinary Education Program for Intensive Care Unit Staff Regarding Ventilator Care Bundle on the Frequency of Ventilator-Associated Events.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator bundles have been reported to reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. However, data concerning the role of the education of the intensive care unit (ICU) staff regarding the items in the bundle and the importance to adhere to its items on the development of ventilator-associated events (VAEs) are limited. This study aimed to compare the frequency of VAEs in subjects admitted to the ICU before and after the education of the ICU staff. METHODS: A total of 105 subjects were enrolled in this retrospective study. The ICU staff, including the physicians, respiratory therapists, and nurses, received a 2-day educational lecture regarding items in the bundle as well as the need to adhere to its items. The study population was divided into two according to the admission date: subjects who were admitted before the education of the ICU staff regarding the ventilator bundle (preeducation) and subjects who were admitted after the education of the ICU staff regarding the ventilator bundle (posteducation). The difference in VAE rate in subjects admitted before and after bundle training was the primary outcome measure of this study. RESULTS: The bundle compliance rates presented by days were significantly higher in the posteducation group compared with the preeducation group. Moreover, the frequency of VAEs was significantly lower in posteducation subjects compared with preeducation subjects (4.7% vs 19.0%, P = .042). Ventilator-associated event rate was also lower in posteducation subjects compared with preeducation subjects (2.5/1000 vs 9.8/1000 ventilator days). There were no significant differences among the groups with respect to ICU mortality. CONCLUSION: The educational intervention performed in this study not only increased the adherence to the ventilator care bundle but also led to a significant reduction in the rate of the VAEs in patients receiving mechanical ventilator support in the ICU.

Knowledge and Attitudes about Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety among Anaesthesiologists in Turkey: A Questionnaire Study.

OBJECTIVE: The Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology is an important document for anaesthesiologists. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and experiences of anaesthesiologists in Turkey on the "Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety." METHODS: After the ethics committee approval and participants' consent, electronic questionnaires were sent to anesthetists working in Turkey. The questionnaire included 48 questions. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 44.28±8.01 years, and 52.1% were women (n=142). The mean time spent in the field of anesthesiology was 12.83±7.76 years. The percentage of participants working in private hospitals was 13.4%. A total of 58.5% of the participants were educated on patient safety out of whom 57% said that their knowledge was sufficient, 37.3% said that it was limited, and 5.6% felt that it was insufficient. The knowledge of participants about the Helsinki Declaration was sufficient in 31.7%, limited in 39.4%, insufficient in 9.2%, and 19.7% had no knowledge. A total of 27% of participants believed that implementation of the Helsinki Declaration improved patient safety. It has been stated that the minimum patient monitoring standards recommended by the European Board of Anaesthesiology has been complied in operating rooms and recovery units (90.8% and 78.2%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The findings of this survey might guide not only the individual anesthetists but also hospital administrators to develop strategies to improve patient safety and thus quality of care in the light of the recommendations listed in the Helsinki Declaration.

The Impact of High-Flow Nasal Cannula on Olfactory Function.

BACKGROUND: Oxygen therapy provided via high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) improves gas exchange lung compliance and results in increased lung expiratory volumes. Previous data indicate that hyperbaric and humid states improve the olfactory thresholds compared to hypobaric and dry conditions. This prospective, observational study aimed to determine the impact of oxygen delivery through HFNC on olfactory function in subjects admitted to the ICU for acute respiratory failure (ARF). METHODS: 30 subjects who were admitted to the ICU for ARF underwent an olfactory sniff test before and after oxygen therapy with HFNC. Baseline olfactory function of subjects with ARF was also compared against 30 healthy controls. Odor threshold (OT), odor discrimination (OD), odor identification (OI) and global olfactory score (TDI) were recorded for all subjects. RESULTS: The OT, OD, OI, and TDI scores were significantly higher in the control group compared to the baseline scores of the subjects with ARF (P < .001 for all comparisons). In subjects with ARF, administration of oxygen with HFNC led to significant improvements in OT (P = .02), OD (P = .001), OI (P = .02), and TDI (25.5 ± 3.8 vs 27.1 ± 3.5, P < .001) scores. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that subjects with ARF had relative olfactory dysfunction compared to healthy controls. These results also suggest that implementation of HFNC to relieve hypoxemia in subjects presenting with ARF can lead to a significant improvement in olfactory function.

Mortality in Code Blue; can APACHE II and PRISM scores be used as markers for prognostication?

BACKGROUND: Code blue (CB) is an emergency call system developed to respond to cardiac and respiratory arrest in hospitals. However, in literature, no scoring system has been reported that can predict mortality in CB procedures. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of estimated APACHE II and PRISM scores in the prediction of mortality in patients assessed using CB to retrospectively analyze CB calls. METHODS: We retrospectively examined 1195 patients who were evaluated by the CB team at our hospital between 2009 and 2013. The demographic data of the patients, diagnosis and relevant de-partments, reasons for CB, cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration, mortality calculated from the APACHE II and PRISM scores, and the actual mortality rates were retrospectively record-ed from CB notification forms and the hospital database. RESULTS: In all age groups, there was a significant difference between actual mortality rate and the expected mortality rate as estimated using APACHE II and PRISM scores in CB calls (p<0.05). The actual mortality rate was significantly lower than the expected mortality. CONCLUSION: APACHE and PRISM scores with the available parameters will not help predict mortality in CB procedures. Therefore, novels scoring systems using different parameters are needed.

Low Tidal Volume Positive End-Expiratory Pressure versus High Tidal Volume Zero-Positive End-Expiratory Pressure and Postoperative Pulmonary Functions in Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare the effects of low tidal volume (VT) and moderate positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with high VT and zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) on postoperative pulmonary functions and oxygenation in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients were randomized into low VT-PEEP and high VT-ZEEP groups. The patients were ventilated with a VT of 6 mL/kg and 8 cm H2O PEEP in the low VT-PEEP group and a VT of 10 mL/kg and 0 cm H2O PEEP in the high VT-ZEEP group. Preoperative and postoperative spirometric measurements were done and chest X-rays were evaluated using the radiological atelectasis score (RAS). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The intraoperative and postoperative arterial partial pressure of oxygen and arterial oxygen saturation values were significantly higher in the low VT-PEEP group than in the high VT-ZEEP group. At all times, the arterial-to-alveolar oxygenation gradients were significantly lower in the low VT-PEEP group than in the high VT-ZEEP group. Preoperative RAS were similar in both groups, but the postoperative RAS was significantly lower in the low VT-PEEP group (p < 0.001). Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and peak expiratory flow rate recorded postoperatively were significantly lower in the high VT-ZEEP group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative pulmonary functions were less impaired in patients ventilated with a VT of 6 mL/kg and 8 cm H2O PEEP than in patients ventilated with a VT of 10 mL/kg and ZEEP.

Comparison of two different forms of sevoflurane for anaesthesia maintenance and recovery.

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane is a commonly used inhalation agent. There are two forms of sevoflurane in Turkey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of original versus generic sevoflurane products on hemodynamics, time to reach 1 MAC level, inspired and expired sevoflurane levels and postoperative recovery profile. METHODS: Seventy patients undergoing general anaesthesia were divided into two groups as Group Sevo or Group Sojo. After intravenous induction of anaesthesia (with the same drugs in both groups), inhalation anaesthetic was started. Hemodynamic parameters, Bispectral index (BIS), time to reach 1MAC level, inspired and expired sevoflurane levels, % vaporizer concentration of sevoflurane, additional remifentanil doses were recorded. In the awakening period, decreasing times of MAC 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, BIS levels, sedation-agitation and Aldrete scores were recorded. RESULTS: The time to reach 1MAC level was shorter in Group Sevo than in Group Sojo (p=0.01). The fractions of inspired sevoflurane levels were higher at 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 30, 35, 45. minutes, the fractions of expired sevoflurane levels were higher at 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20. minutes in Group Sevo (p < 0.05). In the awakening period and postoperatively, there were no differences in recorded parameters between the groups. CONCLUSION: Although there are differences in maintenance period of the anaesthesia, the two products seem to be comparable routine anaesthesia practice. But further studies are needed to enhance our knowledge.

Is rhabdomyolysis an anaesthetic complication in patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy?

BACKGROUND: In patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), pneumoperitoneum, intraoperative fluid restriction and prolonged Trendelenburg position may cause rhabdomyolysis (RM) due to hypoperfusion in gluteal muscles and lower extremities. In this study, it was aimed to assess effects of body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, intra-operative positioning, fluid restriction and length of surgery on the development of RM in RARP patients during the perioperative period. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included 52 American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II patients aged 50-80 years with BMI >25 kg/m2, who underwent RARP. Fluid therapy with normal saline (1 ml/kg/h) and 6% hydroxyethyl starch 200/05 (1 ml/kg/h) was given during the surgery. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), operation time (OT) and Trendelenburg time (TT) were recorded. Blood samples for creatine phosphokinase (CPK), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (Cr), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase-MB, cardiac troponin I and arterial blood gases were drawn at baseline and on 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. RM was defined by serum CPK level exceeding 5000 IU/L. RESULTS: Seven patients met predefined criteria for RM. There were positive correlations among serum CPK and Cr, AST, ALT and LDH levels. However, there was no significant difference in BMI, OT and TT between patients with or without RM (P > 0.05). CCI scores were higher in patients with RM than those without (3.00 ± 0.58 vs. 2.07 ± 0.62; P< 0.01). No renal impairment was detected among patients with RM at the post-operative period. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that comorbid conditions are more important in the development of RM during RARP rather than BMI, OT or TT. Patients with higher comorbidity are at risk for RM development and that this should be kept in mind at follow-up and when informing patients.

Comparison of the effects of PEEP levels on respiratory mechanics and elimination of volatile anesthetic agents in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy; a prospective, randomized, clinical trial.

BACKGROUND/AIM: In laparoscopic procedures, intraabdominal carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation can cause decreased compliance, increased airway resistance, and impaired ventilation-perfusion ratios. We aimed to investigate the effects of intraoperative positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) treatment on respiratory dynamics and elimination time of volatile anesthetic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, 75 ASA I-II patients were randomized into 3 groups to receive 0 cmH2O PEEP (group I), 5 cmH2O PEEP (group II), or 8 cmH2O PEEP (group III). Hemodynamic parameters, peak and plateau inspiratory airway pressures (Ppeak, Pplateau), compliance values, the ratio of the fractions of inspired and expired concentration of sevoflurane (Fi/Fexp sevoflurane) at 1 MAC, times from 1 to 0.3 and 0.1 MAC and values for pulmonary function tests (PFT) were recorded. RESULTS: Ppeak and Pplateau in group III were higher; compliance values in group I and the extent of reduction in postoperative forced vital capacity (FVC) in group III were lower than those in the other groups (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the groups regarding times from 1 to 0.3 MAC and times from 0.3 to 0.1 MAC. CONCLUSION: It was found that 8 cmH2O PEEP increased compliance without clinically significant pulmonary deterioration and that 8 cmH2O PEEP led to less impairment in postoperative PFTs compared to 0 and 5 cmH2O PEEP but had no effect on sevoflurane elimination time.

Comparison of Clinical Effects of Dexketoprofen and Paracetamol Used for Analgesia in Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare 50 mg dexketoprofen vs. 1 g paracetamol that were parenterally administered before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) under sedoanalgesia with comparable anaesthesia depth regarding haemodynamic, pain, narcotic analgesic requirement, recovery and post-procedural cognitive functions. METHODS: Overall, 80 ASA I-III patients aged 18-75 years who were undergoing scheduled ERCP were randomly assigned into three groups. In all patients, the mini-mental test (MMT) was conducted before the procedure. No drug was administered to controls (Group C; n=26); patients were transferred to ERCP unite 30 min after parenteral dexketoprofen (50 mg) in group D (n=27) and paracetamol (1 g) in group P (n=27). The standard monitoring was applied. After intravenously administering loading doses of midazolam (0.02 mgkg) and propofol (1 mg kg(-1)), propofol infusion was administered at a dose of 2-4 mg kg(-1) h(-1) to maintain a bispectral index value of 50-70. Fentanyl (0.05 µg kg(-1)) was intravenously administered when patients experienced pain. Haemodynamic effects, additional analgesic requirement, adverse effects during procedure, time to reach Aldrete score of 9 and satisfaction of an endoscopist and patient were recorded. MMT was repeated 3 h after completing the procedure. RESULTS: Fentanyl requirement during the procedure was significantly low in group D (p<0.05). Apnoea during the procedure and nausea after the procedure were least common in group D while significantly lower than group C (p<0.05). There was no significant difference with respect to MMT scores and endoscopist's satisfaction, while patient satisfaction was greater in group P. CONCLUSION: Parenterally administered dexketoprofen provided better haemodynamic effect and pain control, thereby decreasing incidence of adverse events by reducing the requirement for narcotic analgesics.

Bilaterally Symmetrical Lower Extremity Compartment Syndrome following Massive Transfusion.

Compartment syndrome is a serious condition characterized by raised intracompartmental pressure, which develops following trauma. Well leg compartment syndrome (WLCS) is a term reserved for compartment syndrome in a nontraumatic setting, usually resulting from prolonged lithotomy position during surgery. In literature, 8 cases have been reported regarding well leg compartment syndrome in a supine position and bilateral symmetrical involvement was observed in only 2 cases. In WLCS etiology, lengthy surgery, lengthy hypotension, and extremity malpositioning have been held responsible but one of the factors with a role in the etiology may have been the tissue oedema and impaired microcirculation formed from the effect of vasoactive mediators expressed into the circulation associated with the massive blood transfusion. The case is presented here regarding symmetrical lower extremity compartment syndrome after surgery in which massive transfusion was made for gross haemorrhage from an abdominal injury. In conclusion, blood transfusion applied at the required time is life-saving but potential risks must always be considered.

Perioperative low-dose ketamine improves postoperative analgesia following Cesarean delivery with general anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the effect of perioperative uses of low dose ketamine on post-operative wound pain and analgesic consumption in patients undergoing elective Cesarean section was evaluated. METHODS: In randomized, double blind clinical trial, 52 women with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I-II identification undergoing elective Cesarean section in general anesthesia were enrolled. In the ketamine group (group K), a ketamine bolus of 0.5 mg kg(-1) IV was administered at the time of induction of general anesthesia. After induction, a ketamine infusion of 0.25 mg kg(-1) h(-1) was started and discontinued at the end of surgery. Patients allocated to the control group (group C) were given identical volumes of saline. The cumulative dose of morphine consumption after surgery was measured as the primary outcome of this study. Secondary outcomes were pain control assessed by numeric rating scale (NRS) and need for rescue analgesia and incidence of side effects. RESULTS: The mean 24-h morphine consumption was lower in group K (p = 0,001). At 15 min postoperatively, NRS values were lower in group K than group C (p = 0,001). There was no difference among groups regarding the need for supplemental analgesia (rescue diclofenac doses) (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative uses of low dose ketamine decreased post-operative opioid requirements, which was observed long after the normal expected duration of ketamine.