High Prevalence of Strongyloides among South Asian Migrants in Primary Care-Associations with Eosinophilia and Gastrointestinal Symptoms.

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are a frequent reason for primary care consultation, and common amongst patients with strongyloidiasis. We conducted a prospective cohort and nested case control study in East London to examine the predictive value of a raised eosinophil count or of GI symptoms, for Strongyloides infection in South Asian migrants. We included 503 patients in the final analyses and all underwent a standardised GI symptom questionnaire, eosinophil count and Strongyloides serology testing. Positive Strongyloides serology was found in 33.6% in the eosinophilia cohort against 12.5% in the phlebotomy controls, with adjusted odds ratio of 3.54 (95% CI 1.88-6.67). In the GI symptoms cohort, 16.4% were seropositive but this was not significantly different compared with controls, nor were there associations between particular symptoms and Strongyloidiasis. Almost a third (35/115) of patients with a positive Strongyloides serology did not have eosinophilia at time of testing. Median eosinophil count declined post-treatment from 0.5 cells × 109/L (IQR 0.3-0.7) to 0.3 (0.1-0.5), p < 0.001. We conclude Strongyloides infection is common in this setting, and the true symptom burden remains unclear. Availability of ivermectin in primary care would improve access to treatment. Further work should clarify cost-effectiveness of screening strategies for Strongyloides infection in UK migrant populations.

Traumatic brain injured patients: primum non nocere.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains an unfortunately common disease with potentially devastating consequences for patients and their families. However, it is important to remember that it is a spectrum of disease and thus, a one 'treatment fits all' approach is not appropriate to achieve optimal outcomes. This review aims to inform readers about recent updates in prehospital and neurocritical care management of patients with TBI. RECENT FINDINGS: Prehospital care teams which include a physician may reduce mortality. The commonly held value of SBP more than 90 in TBI is now being challenged. There is increasing evidence that patients do better if managed in specialized neurocritical care or trauma ICU. Repeating computed tomography brain 12 h after initial scan may be of benefit. Elderly patients with TBI appear not to want an operation if it might leave them cognitively impaired. SUMMARY: Prehospital and neuro ICU management of TBI patients can significantly improve patient outcome. However, it is important to also consider whether these patients would actually want to be treated particularly in the elderly population.

Specialist Advice Support for Management of Severe Hereditary Angioedema Attacks: A Multicenter Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Hereditary angioedema is a rare disease associated with unpredictable, recurrent attacks of potentially life-threatening edema. Management of severe attacks is currently suboptimal because emergency medical teams are often unaware of new specific treatments. The objective of this trial is to test whether a dedicated national telephone care-management strategy would reduce resource use during severe hereditary angioedema attacks. METHODS: We conducted a cluster-randomized multicenter prospective trial of patients with a documented diagnosis of hereditary angioedema (type I, II or FXII hereditary angioedema). Participants were enrolled between March 2013 and June 2014 at 8 participating reference centers. The randomized units were the reference centers (clusters). Patients in the intervention arm were given a national free telephone number to call in the event of a severe attack. Emergency physicians in the SOS-hereditary angiœdema (SOS-HAE) call center were trained to advise or prescribe specific treatments. The primary outcome was number of admissions for angioedema attacks. Economic evaluation was also performed. RESULTS: We included 100 patients in the SOS-HAE group and 100 in the control group. During the 2 years, there were 2,368 hereditary angioedema attacks among 169 patients (85%). Mean number of hospital admissions per patient in the 2-year period was significantly greater in the usual-practice group (mean 0.16 [range 0 to 2] versus 0.03 [range 0 to 1]); patient risk difference was significant: -0.13 (95% confidence interval -0.22 to -0.04; P=.02). Probabilistic sensitivity graphic analysis indicated a trend toward increased quality-adjusted life-years in the SOS-HAE group. CONCLUSION: A national dedicated call center for management of severe hereditary angioedema attacks is associated with a decrease in hospital admissions and may be cost-effective if facilities and staff are available to deliver the intervention alongside existing services.

Effect of Bag-Mask Ventilation vs Endotracheal Intubation During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Neurological Outcome After Out-of-Hospital Cardiorespiratory Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Bag-mask ventilation (BMV) is a less complex technique than endotracheal intubation (ETI) for airway management during the advanced cardiac life support phase of cardiopulmonary resuscitation of patients with out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest. It has been reported as superior in terms of survival. Objectives: To assess noninferiority of BMV vs ETI for advanced airway management with regard to survival with favorable neurological function at day 28. Design, Settings, and Participants: Multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing BMV with ETI in 2043 patients with out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest in France and Belgium. Enrollment occurred from March 9, 2015, to January 2, 2017, and follow-up ended January 26, 2017. Intervention: Participants were randomized to initial airway management with BMV (n = 1020) or ETI (n = 1023). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was favorable neurological outcome at 28 days defined as cerebral performance category 1 or 2. A noninferiority margin of 1% was chosen. Secondary end points included rate of survival to hospital admission, rate of survival at day 28, rate of return of spontaneous circulation, and ETI and BMV difficulty or failure. Results: Among 2043 patients who were randomized (mean age, 64.7 years; 665 women [32%]), 2040 (99.8%) completed the trial. In the intention-to-treat population, favorable functional survival at day 28 was 44 of 1018 patients (4.3%) in the BMV group and 43 of 1022 patients (4.2%) in the ETI group (difference, 0.11% [1-sided 97.5% CI, -1.64% to infinity]; P for noninferiority = .11). Survival to hospital admission (294/1018 [28.9%] in the BMV group vs 333/1022 [32.6%] in the ETI group; difference, -3.7% [95% CI, -7.7% to 0.3%]) and global survival at day 28 (55/1018 [5.4%] in the BMV group vs 54/1022 [5.3%] in the ETI group; difference, 0.1% [95% CI, -1.8% to 2.1%]) were not significantly different. Complications included difficult airway management (186/1027 [18.1%] in the BMV group vs 134/996 [13.4%] in the ETI group; difference, 4.7% [95% CI, 1.5% to 7.9%]; P = .004), failure (69/1028 [6.7%] in the BMV group vs 21/996 [2.1%] in the ETI group; difference, 4.6% [95% CI, 2.8% to 6.4%]; P < .001), and regurgitation of gastric content (156/1027 [15.2%] in the BMV group vs 75/999 [7.5%] in the ETI group; difference, 7.7% [95% CI, 4.9% to 10.4%]; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest, the use of BMV compared with ETI failed to demonstrate noninferiority or inferiority for survival with favorable 28-day neurological function, an inconclusive result. A determination of equivalence or superiority between these techniques requires further research. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02327026.

The assessment of circulating volume using inferior vena cava collapse index and carotid Doppler velocity time integral in healthy volunteers: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of circulating volume and the requirement for fluid replacement are fundamental to resuscitation but remain largely empirical. Passive leg raise (PLR) may determine fluid responders while avoiding potential fluid overload. We hypothesised that inferior vena cava collapse index (IVCCI) and carotid artery blood flow would change predictably in response to PLR, potentially providing a non-invasive tool to assess circulating volume and identifying fluid responsive patients. METHODS: We conducted a prospective proof of concept pilot study on fasted healthy volunteers. One operator measured IVC diameter during quiet respiration and sniff, and carotid artery flow. Stroke volume (SV) was also measured using suprasternal Doppler. Our primary endpoint was change in IVCCI after PLR. We also studied changes in IVCCI after "sniff", and correlation between carotid artery flow and SV. RESULTS: Passive leg raise was associated with significant reduction in the mean inferior vena cava collapsibility index from 0.24 to 0.17 (p < 0.01). Mean stroke volume increased from 56.0 to 69.2 mL (p < 0.01). There was no significant change in common carotid artery blood flow. Changes in physiology consequent upon passive leg raise normalised rapidly. DISCUSSION: Passive leg raise is associated with a decrease of IVCCI and increase in stroke volume. However, the wide range of values observed suggests that factors other than circulating volume predominate in determining the proportion of collapse with respiration. CONCLUSION: In contrast to other studies, we did not find that carotid blood flow increased with passive leg raise. Rapid normalisation of post-PLR physiology may account for this.

Emergency department procedural sedation: the London experience.

AIM: The aim of this study was to develop a procedural sedation guideline and an audit tool to identify the medications chosen, the incidence of predefined adverse events and the factors associated with their occurrence. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study using a standardized proforma. We obtained data on patient demographics, the procedure performed, the drugs used and the dosages and predefined adverse events. Our target population was adult patients attending three urban UK teaching hospital Emergency Departments (EDs) over a 12-month period. We included all patients who were to undergo procedural sedation in the ED. RESULTS: Data were obtained on 414 patients. The majority of procedures were reductions of fractures and dislocations (89%). Midazolam was the sedative agent used most commonly (45%), and morphine was the most frequently used analgesic agent (36%). Overall 10% of sedations involved predefined complications (95% confidence interval: 7.1-12.9). There were no cases of airway obstruction requiring intervention; no patients showed clinical evidence of aspiration and no patient required intubation. Procedural success was 96%. Propofol was associated with fewer adverse events (95% confidence interval: 0.024-0.572), as well as higher procedural success. CONCLUSION: Procedural sedation and analgesia can be safely and effectively performed in the ED by appropriately trained emergency physicians.

Best approach to measuring the inferior vena cava in spontaneously ventilating patients: a pilot study.

The objective of this study was to establish the reliability of different measurements of inferior vena cava (IVC) size and respiratory variation in response to changes in circulating volume. Transabdominal ultrasound measurements of the IVC were obtained in longitudinal (B and M modes) and transverse planes (B-mode height and ellipse circumference) during inspiration and expiration, and inferior vena cava collapsibility indices (IVCci) were calculated. Measurements were repeated following venesection of ∼450 ml. Thirty patients underwent venesection. Their IVCci increased significantly for transverse and longitudinal height measurements following venesection, but not for transverse circumference measurements. Transverse views were inadequate in 27% of patients, compared with 7% for longitudinal views (P=0.04). Changes in IVCci are sensitive to small changes in circulating volume. Measurements are most frequently achieved in the longitudinal plane. There is an urgent need for standardization of sonographic IVC measurement techniques.

Self-perception of knowledge and confidence in performing basic life support among medical students.

AIM: Before implementing new workshops and teaching in our faculty for performing basic life support (BLS), we aimed to determine the level of self-confidence of medical students with regard to the management of cardiac arrest (CA). METHODS: We conducted a preinterventional study. A questionnaire was sent to third-year to sixth-year medical students. We recorded sex, year of training, and personal witnessing of CA. We asked them about their theoretical knowledge on 10 main items of BLS and their self-perception of qualification to conduct a CA situation. We tested the respective influence of sex, year of training, and personal witnessing of CA. RESULTS: In total, 592 (37%) students completed the questionnaire, 42% of them were men. Less than a third of the students (30%) thought of themselves as being sufficiently qualified to conduct BLS. After the third year, the level of study did not influence their theoretical knowledge or their self-perception of qualification. Male sex and the number of CAs witnessed were the only factors positively associated with better self-confidence regarding qualification. CONCLUSION: Self-perception of qualification in BLS is poor in our faculty. In our study, personal witnessing of CA greatly influenced confidence, whereas level of study did not.

Introduction of automated blood pressure devices intended for a low resource setting in rural Tanzania.

Regular blood pressure (BP) monitoring is a cost-effective means of early identification and management of hypertensive disease in pregnancy. In much of rural sub-Saharan Africa, the ability to take and act on accurate BP measurements is lacking as a result of poorly functioning or absent equipment and/or inadequate staff education. This study describes the feasibility of using validated automated BP devices suitable for low-resource settings (LRS) in primary health-care facilities in rural Tanzania. Following a primary survey, 19 BP devices were distributed to 11 clinics and re-assessed at one, three, six, 12 and 36 months. Devices were used frequently with high levels of user satisfaction and good durability. We conclude that the use of automated BP devices in LRS is feasible and sustainable. An assessment of their ability to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality is vital.

Isosorbide dinitrate bolus for heart failure in elderly emergency patients: a retrospective study.

In this study we aimed to determine whether isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) bolus is associated with hypotension in patients aged at least 75 years presenting to an emergency department (ED) with acute heart failure (AHF) syndrome. This is a retrospective study, and all patients with AHF presenting in our ED during 2007 were included. We included 136 patients: 25 (18%) of them received ISDN in bolus (group B) among other treatments, and 111 (82%) did not (group O). Baseline characteristics of the two groups were not similar, with a higher rate of hypertension in group B. The mean lower systolic blood pressure after treatment was similar: 116±18 mmHg in group O compared with 116±19 mmHg in group B+, and was less than 90 mmHg in 0% cases in group B+ versus 3% in group O (P=0.5). Secondary endpoints were not significant, with mortality in group B of 4% versus 10% in group O (P=0.32). ISDN is not associated with more hypotension when used in bolus for elderly patients treated in the ED for AHF.

Can a low-resource-use blood pressure device impact on global maternal mortality?

BACKGROUND: Hypertension in pregnancy in the developing world is largely underreported, misdiagnosed, and untreated, especially in rural settings, though it contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. To reduce general global cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality, the World Health Organization aims to develop and validate low-resource-use blood pressure devices for use in developing nations. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To describe how existing antenatal care systems provide a useful and relevant model through which to evaluate the potential for this initiative to be applied in low-resource settings and to offer opportunities for much needed further research.

Validation of the Nissei DS-400 in a low-resource setting.

OBJECTIVE: Hypertension affects approximately one billion individuals worldwide. The effective management of hypertension requires accurate measurement and monitoring of blood pressure. We evaluated the accuracy of a low cost self-measurement oscillometric device, with features suitable for use in a low-resource setting, in an adult population in the developing world according to the International Protocol of the European Society of Hypertension. METHODS: Trained observers using a double-headed stethoscope took nine sequential same arm measurements from 33 participants, alternating between mercury sphygmomanometry and the test device. Anyone with an arrhythmia or unclear Korotkoff sounds was excluded. Data were analyzed according to the protocol guidelines. RESULTS: The device passed all the criteria of the International Protocol with 78/95/99 and 80/95/99 of systolic and diastolic differences, respectively, within 5/10/15 mmHg of the mercury standard. It also achieved the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation criteria with a mean difference (standard deviation) of 0.8 (4.4) mmHg and -0.9 (4.5) mmHg for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Nissei DS-400 can be recommended for use in the adult population, particularly in the developing world. Its impressive performance may be related to theoretical factors within the patient population and environment (e.g. temperature, humidity and altitude) that could influence the device's performance.