Integrating Photoactive Ligands into Crystalline Ultrathin 2D Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets for Efficient Photoinduced Energy Transfer.

3D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained attention as heterogeneous photocatalysts due to their porosity and unique host-guest interactions. Despite their potential, MOFs face challenges, such as inefficient mass transport and limited light penetration in photoinduced energy transfer processes. Recent advancements in organic photocatalysis have uncovered a variety of photoactive cores, while their heterogenization remains an underexplored area with great potential to build MOFs. This gap is bridged by incorporating photoactive cores into 2D MOF nanosheets, a process that merges the realms of small-molecule photochemistry and MOF chemistry. This approach results in recyclable heterogeneous photocatalysts that exhibit an improved mass transfer efficiency. This research demonstrates a bottom-up synthetic method for embedding photoactive cores into 2D MOF nanosheets, successfully producing variants such as PCN-641-NS, PCN-643-NS, and PCN-644-NS. The synthetic conditions were systematically studied to optimize the crystallinity and morphology of these 2D MOF nanosheets. Enhanced host-guest interactions in these 2D structures were confirmed through various techniques, particularly solid-state NMR studies. Additionally, the efficiency of photoinduced energy transfer in these nanosheets was evidenced through photoborylation reactions and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Kinetics of 1H →31P NMR cross-polarization and dynamics in a layered crystalline α-Sn(IV) phosphate.

The proton-phosphorus (H-P) cross-polarization (CP) is effective in Sn(HPO4)2·H2O despite of the presence of paramagnetic ion impurities. Polarization constants TH-P and 1H T1ρ times are measured in static Sn(HPO4)2·H2O by the kinetic variable-temperature H-P CP experiments. The temperature dependence of the 1H T1ρ times is interpreted in terms of proton movements in the interlayer space occurring between the phosphate groups without participation of the water molecules. The process requires an activation energy of 8.7 ± 0.7 kcal/mol. The MAS effect on the 1H T1ρ times is shown and discussed.

Spin diffusion in the Phosphorus-31 NMR relaxation in a layered crystalline α-Sn(IV) phosphate contaminated by paramagnetic impurities.

The study of a layered crystalline Sn(IV) phosphate by solid-state NMR has demonstrated that the 31P T1 relaxation of phosphate groups, dependent on spinning rate is completely controlled by the limited spin diffusion to paramagnetic ions found by EPR. The spin-diffusion constant, D(SD), was estimated as 2.04 10-14 cm2s-1. The conclusion was supported by the 31P T1 time measurements in zirconium phosphate 1-1, also showing paramagnetic ions and in diamagnetic compound (NH4)2HPO4.

On phosphorus chemical shift anisotropy in metal (IV) phosphates and phosphonates: A 31 P NMR experimental study.

The phosphorus chemical shift anisotropies, 31 PΔcs, and asymmetry parameters η were measured by the 31 P{1 H} NMR experiments in static and low-frequency spinning samples of the zirconium phosphates and phosphonates and also in the mixed Zr (IV)/Sn (IV) phosphate/phosphonate material. The data obtained have shown a 111 connectivity in the HPO4 and PO3 groups, which does not change at modification and intercalation of the materials. The 31 PΔcs values of the phosphonate groups (43-49 ppm) significantly surpass the values characterizing the HPO4 groups (23-37 ppm). The 31 P Δcs values obtained for the metal (IV) phosphates were discussed in terms of P-O distances. The 31 P chemical shift anisotropy parameters can help at elucidation of local structures in phosphate and phosphonate materials.

Creating Solid Solutions of Metallocenes: Migration of Nickelocene into the Ferrocene Crystal Lattice in the Absence of a Solvent.

Ferrocene and nickelocene do not react with each other in solution; however, the large impact of the paramagnetic component on the ferrocene 1H NMR signal linewidth and relaxation times has been quantified. Co-crystallization of ferrocene and nickelocene at any ratio from a solvent can be explained with both pure substances crystallizing in the same space group P21/n. As a new phenomenon, when a ferrocene single crystal is exposed to polycrystalline nickelocene in the absence of a solvent, the nickelocene migrates into the ferrocene crystal lattice and a mixed crystal is formed that retains its macroscopic shape. This process has been proven visually by cutting the single crystal. Mixing polycrystalline ferrocene with polycrystalline nickelocene at different molar ratios with a mortar and pestle leads to crystalline solid solutions with the corresponding molar ratios of both components. This migration of one organometallic component into an existing crystal lattice of another at ambient temperature in the absence of a solvent has not been described previously. Paramagnetic 1H solid-state NMR spectroscopy of static and rotating samples of dry ferrocene/nickelocene mixtures at varying ratios is used to prove and quantify the mixing of both metallocenes at the molecular level. A single-crystal X-ray structure of a 50/50 mixed crystal corroborates the NMR results that nickelocene and ferrocene are randomly distributed in the lattice and that the space group P21/n is retained. All ferrocene molecules in the mixed crystal lattice show a broadening of their 1H wideline signals and residual magic-angle spinning (MAS) lines at ambient temperature. The broadening of the ferrocene signals correlates with the nickelocene content. 1H T1 relaxation time measurements for the signals of ferrocene in samples with different amounts of nickelocene corroborate the assumption that the signal broadening is due to paramagnetic dipole-dipole relaxation of ferrocene molecules in the vicinity of nickelocene. Spatially separated ferrocene and nickelocene powders in one rotor show the solid-state NMR characteristics of the individual polycrystalline metallocenes. The described formation of solid solutions of metallocenes in the absence of a solvent will open new pathways to homogeneously mixed nanoparticles with desired metal ratios and dual-atom catalysts.

Acidic Centers on the Surface of a Crystalline α-Sn(IV) Phosphate Characterized by the Solid-State 1H, 2H, 31P, and 119Sn MAS NMR Techniques.

A layered crystalline phosphate α-Sn(HPO4)2·H2O (1), prepared and characterized in the present study by the multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), powder X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques, was treated with D2O and HOD imitating the reaction conditions in a water medium. The 2H solid-echo magic angle spinning NMR spectra of the products have revealed on their surface low mobile water molecules and hydronium ions, forming a structure close to the Zundel cation, [D2O···D-OD2]+. All the deuterons in the hydronium ions are tangled by hydrogen bonds with the water and the surface phosphate groups and stabilized by ionic interactions.

Molecular Dynamics and Surface Interactions of Nickelocene Adsorbed on Silica: A Paramagnetic Solid-State NMR Study.

When grinding nickelocene with silica in the absence of a solvent at room temperature, it adsorbs on the surface within the pores. This has also been demonstrated visually by adsorbing green nickelocene in the pores of a large colorless silica gel specimen. While this dry adsorption and translational mobility of nickelocene within the pores is proven visually, the site-to-site mobility of the nickelocene molecules and their orientation toward the surface are not yet understood. In this contribution, mesoporous silica is used as the support material for a systematic solid-state NMR study of these issues. Paramagnetic 1H VT solid-state NMR and T1 relaxation times have been powerful tools for studying the dynamics of nickelocene on the silica surface. Herewith, the mobility of the surface-adsorbed nickelocene molecules in the pores could be quantified on the molecular scale. According to the obtained data, the nickelocene molecules move like a liquid on the surface. Isotropically moving molecules exchange places rapidly with surface-attached molecular states of nickelocene in a sample with submonolayer surface coverage. This finding is corroborated by a macroscopic visualization experiment. The states of the surface-attached horizontally oriented nickelocene molecules that are prevalent at temperatures below 200 K have been quantified. The temperature dependencies of the rate k in coordinates of ln(k) versus 1/T and ln(k/T) versus 1/T form ideal straight lines that allow the determination of the kinetic parameters Eact = 5.5 kcal/mol, A = 1.1 × 1010, ΔH‡ = 5.0 kcal/mol, and ΔS‡ = -15 eu. Investigating a sample with equal amounts of nickelocene and ferrocene in a submonolayer amount of 80% overall surface coverage shows that the different metallocenes mix on the molecular level on the silica surface.

Hydronium Ions on the Surface of a Partially Hydrolyzed α-Zirconium Phosphate: Solid-State 2H and 31P MAS NMR Evidence.

Characterization of the α-zirconium phosphates 1-D2Oh and 1-D2Oh/dr, partially hydrolyzed with D2O, by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and multinuclear solid-state NMR techniques led to an unprecedented observation of D3O+ ions located on the surface and stabilized by hydrogen bonds. These ions are formed after the surface phosphate groups have been lost.

Elucidating structure and dynamics of crystalline α-zirconium phosphates intercalated with water and methanol by multinuclear solid-state MAS NMR: A comprehensive NMR approach.

Solid-state NMR experiments on 2 H, 31 P, 13 C, and 1 H nuclei, including 31 P T1 , 1 H T1 , and 1 H T1ρ measurements, as well as on the kinetics of proton-phosphorus cross-polarization have been performed to characterize the crystalline and amorphous α-zirconium phosphates, which were intercalated with D2 O and/or CD3 OD. The 13 C{1 H} CP MAS NMR experiment performed for compound 1-CD3 OD (Zr (HPO4 )2. 0.2CD3 OD) with carbon cross-polarization via protons of phosphate groups has provided a prove that the methanol was intercalated into the interlayer spaces of this compound. The variable-temperature 2 H solid-echo MAS NMR spectra of intercalated compounds demonstrated that the methanol molecules, in contrast to the mobile water, were immobile, keeping, however, free CD3 rotations around the C3 -axis. It has been demonstrated that the intercalated species, D2 O and CD3 OD, do not affect the high-frequency motions of the phosphate groups. By utilizing local structural models that satisfy the constraints of the experimental data, it has been suggested that the immobile methanol molecules are located in the cavity between two neighboring layers of the zirconium phosphates. Thus, the present work illustrates the reliable criteria in a comprehensive NMR approach to structural and dynamic studies of such systems.

Unexpected structural/motional mode of water intercalated into an α-crystalline zirconium phosphate deduced by 31 P and 2 H solid-state MAS NMR spectra.

In developing the approach to understanding dynamics of intercalates in layered materials, crystalline-layered zirconium phosphate Zr (HPO4 )2 ·0.35D2 O has been prepared and characterized by the 1 H, 31 P, and 2 H solid-state MAS NMR spectra, including 31 P and 2 H T1 measurements. At temperatures >253 K, the intercalated water shows two spectrally-distinguished deuterons unprecedentedly with different DQCC's and 2 H T1 times, one of which is hydrogen bonded. The collected data allowed to identify an unexpected bonding/dynamic mode of water molecules, which experience fast rotation around the hydrogen bond, formed with a zirconium-coordinated oxygen. The low-temperature 2 H MAS NMR experiments have demonstrated the presence of additional hydrogen bond P(H)O˙˙˙ DO, population of which grows on cooling to 195 K corresponding to the doubly hydrogen-bonded immobile water molecule.

On Librational and Rotational Motions of Aromatic Rings in Layered Sn(IV) and Zr(IV) Phosphonate Materials: A Variable-Temperature 13C, 31P Solid-State NMR Study.

According to the solid-state 13C, 31P NMR study and 13C chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) measurements, aromatic rings in the layered metal(IV) phosphonate materials behave as low-energy rotors at rotation activation energy, Eact, of 1.4-3.0 kcal/mol. The rotational mechanism consists of 180° flips and librations around C(1)-C(4) axis. The amplitude of the librations, added to the flips, grows with temperature, shifting the reorientations toward rotational diffusion at high temperatures.

Disentangling different modes of mobility for triphenylphosphine oxide adsorbed on alumina.

Triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO, 1) has been adsorbed on neutral alumina by dry grinding of the components in the absence of a solvent. The adsorption proves translational mobility of 1 on the surface of alumina. Different surface coverages from a densely packed monolayer (99% coverage) to a dilute sub-monolayer (25%) have been produced. The samples have been studied by diverse multinuclear 1H, 13C, and 31P variable temperature solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The interactions of 1 with the surface are determined by hydrogen bonding of the P=O group to OH groups on the surface. The 31P solid-state NMR spectra prove that even at low temperatures, the molecules of 1 are highly mobile on the surface. Using T1 and T2 relaxation time analyses of the 31P resonance in the solid state at variable temperatures allowed the identification and quantification of two different modes of mobility. Besides the translational mobility that consists of jumps from one hydrogen-bonding OH site on the surface to an adjacent one, a rotational movement around the axis defined by the P=O group of 1 occurs.

Pyridine-d5 as a 2H NMR probe for investigation of macrostructure and pore shapes in a layered Sn(iv) phosphonate-phosphate material.

Isotropic and anisotropic motions and molecular states of pyridine-d5, adsorbed on the surface within the pores of a layered Sn(iv) phosphonate-phosphate material (1) have been characterized thermodynamically and kinetically by solid-state NMR. The data obtained provide formulation of macrostructure and shapes of pores in 1.

Zirconium Phosphate: The Pathway from Turbostratic Disorder to Crystallinity.

We show how the structural order of nanocrystalline zirconium phosphates (ZrP) is tuned by the synthetic methods and conditions through the use of synchrotron X-ray atomic pair distribution function analysis. With different synthetic route and different phosphoric acid concentrations in the synthesis, the product zirconium phosphates vary from turbostratically disordered nanoscale structures to fully ordered ones. We show that a change in the structural order leads to different ion-exchange properties. The samples are characterized using multiple techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction, ion exchange, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, fast neutron activation analysis, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Guest Molecules in a Layered Microporous Tin(IV) Phosphonate-Phosphate Material: Solid State NMR Studies.

There is little systematic understanding of pore surfaces in layered microporous metal(IV) phosphate-phosphonate materials and their interactions with guest molecules. In this paper, we show how to probe the mobility of guest molecules in such poorly crystalline systems using multinuclear solid-state NMR and relaxation time measurements. Anisotropic motions of benzene- d6 molecules absorbed on the pore walls of material Sn(O3PC6H4PO3)0.85(O3POH)0.33 (1) have been recognized as the fast in-plane C6 rotation due to metal-π interactions with pore walls. The benzene- d6 absorption enthalpy due to Sn···π interactions has been determined as -Δ H = 5.9 kcal/mol. Specific interactions between pyridine and the pore walls of 1 have been observed as immobile pyridine, the population of which grows strongly at low temperatures to show thermodynamic parameters -Δ H of 5.0 kcal/mol and Δ S of -11.0 e.u. It has been suggested that these parameters characterize N···H-OP hydrogen bonding as a driving force for accumulation of immobile pyridine molecules in pores of compound 1.

Benzene-d6 and toluene-d8 as guest molecules in micropores of a layered zirconium phosphonate: 2 H, 13 C{1 H}, and 31 P{1 H} solid-state NMR, deuterium NMR relaxation, and molecular motions.

For the first time, pore spaces in the Zr (IV) phosphonate (1) as a representative of layered metal (IV) phosphonate materials have been investigated by studying mobility of guest molecules, benzene-d6 , and toluene-d8 . Guest molecules located in micropores of 1 have been characterized by solid-state 13 C{1 H} and 2 H NMR spectra in static samples with varying temperatures. At moderately low temperatures, the benzene and toluene molecules experience fast isotropic reorientations and show the motionally averaged liquid-like carbon and deuterium line shapes in the NMR spectra. At lower temperatures, two anisotropic motional modes have been found for benzene molecules by analyzing the 2 H NMR line shapes: the well-known in-plane C6 rotation and composite motions. Interpretation of the variable-temperature 2 H T1 relaxation times identifies the composite motions as 120° flips around the C6 axis perpendicular to the molecular plane and the rotations around the molecular para-C-C axis. The data obtained resulted in the idealized (cylinder-shaped) model of micropores in compound 1 with the diameter of 20-30 Å. Furthermore, the activation energy of 20.1 kJ/mol determined for the benzene motions classifies the molecule-surface interactions as weak but enough for absorption.

Layered metal(IV) phosphonate materials: Solid-state 1 H, 13 C, 31 P NMR spectra and NMR relaxation.

Multinuclear solid-state NMR and powder X-ray diffraction data collected for phosphonate materials Zr(O3 PC6 H4 PO3 ) · 3.6H2 O and Sn(O3 PC6 H4 PO3 )0.85 (O3 POH)0.30  · 3.09H2 O have resulted in the layered structure, where the phosphonic acids cross-link the layers. The main structural motif (the 111 connectivity in the PO3 group) has been established by determination of chemical shift anisotropy parameters for phosphorus nuclei in the phosphonate groups. An analysis of the variable-temperature 31 P T1 measurements and the shapes of the phosphorus resonances in the 31 P static NMR spectra have resulted in the dipolar mechanism of the phosphorus spin-lattice relaxation, where the rotating phenylene rings reorient dipolar vectors P… H as a driving force of the relaxation process. It has been found that water protons do not affect the 31 P T1 times. The activation energy of the phenylene rotation in both compounds has been determined as low as 12.5 kJ/mol. The interpretation of the phosphorus relaxation data has been independently confirmed by the measurements of 1 H T1 times for protons of the phenylene rings.

Modification and intercalation of layered zirconium phosphates: a solid-state NMR monitoring.

Several layered zirconium phosphates treated with Zr(IV) ions, modified by monomethoxy-polyethyleneglycol-monophosphate and intercalated with doxorubicin hydrochloride have been studied by solid-state MAS NMR techniques. The organic components of the phosphates have been characterized by the 13 C{1 H} CP MAS NMR spectra compared with those of initial compounds. The multinuclear NMR monitoring has provided to establish structure and covalent attachment of organic/inorganic moieties to the surface and interlayer spaces of the phosphates. The MAS NMR experiments including kinetics of proton-phosphorus cross polarization have resulted in an unusual structure of zirconium phosphate 6 combining decoration of the phosphate surface by polymer units and their partial intercalation into the interlayer space. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dihydrogen bonding in complex (PP3)RuH(η(1)-BH4) featuring two proton-accepting hydride sites: experimental and theoretical studies.

Combining variable-temperature infrared and NMR spectroscopic studies with quantum-chemical calculations (density functional theory (DFT) and natural bond orbital) allowed us to address the problem of competition between MH (M = transition metal) and BH hydrogens as proton-accepting sites in dihydrogen bond (DHB) and to unravel the mechanism of proton transfer to complex (PP3)RuH(η(1)-BH4) (1, PP3 = κ(4)-P(CH2CH2PPh2)3). Interaction of complex 1 with CH3OH, fluorinated alcohols of variable acid strength [CH2FCH2OH, CF3CH2OH, (CF3)2CHOH (HFIP), (CF3)3COH], and CF3COOH leads to the medium-strength DHB complexes involving BH bonds (3-5 kcal/mol), whereas DHB complexes with RuH were not observed experimentally. The two proton-transfer pathways were considered in DFT/M06 calculations. The first one goes via more favorable bifurcate complexes to BHterm and high activation barriers (38.2 and 28.4 kcal/mol in case of HFIP) and leads directly to the thermodynamic product [(PP3)RuHeq(H2)](+)[OR](-). The second pathway starts from the less-favorable complex with RuH ligand but shows a lower activation barrier (23.5 kcal/mol for HFIP) and eventually leads to the final product via the isomerization of intermediate [(PP3)RuHax(H2)](+)[OR](-). The B-Hbr bond breaking is the common key step of all pathways investigated.