ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of mortality among women, yet they are often underestimated and insufficiently addressed. This narrative review delves into the gender disparities in cardiovascular health, underscoring the critical importance of recognizing and addressing the unique challenges women face. The article explores the pathophysiological differences between men and women, highlighting the role of hormonal factors, such as estrogen and menopause, in conferring cardioprotection or increasing risk. It examines the complexities of diagnosis and assessment, including differences in symptom presentation, diagnostic accuracy, and the challenges of interpreting non-invasive testing in women. The review also highlights the need for tailored risk assessment and prevention strategies, incorporating sex-specific conditions and pregnancy-related factors. It emphasizes the importance of lifestyle modifications and interventions, as well as the potential benefits of personalized treatment approaches, considering gender-specific variations in medication responses and cardiac interventions. Furthermore, the article sheds light on the impact of psychosocial and sociocultural factors, such as gender norms, mental health considerations, and access to healthcare, on women's cardiovascular health. It also addresses the significant gaps and challenges in research, including the historical underrepresentation of women in clinical trials and the lack of sex- and gender-sensitive studies. Finally, the review advocates for a multidisciplinary approach, involving patient-centered care, shared decision-making, and collaboration among policymakers, stakeholders, and healthcare systems. This comprehensive strategy aims to enhance awareness, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular disease in women, ultimately improving health outcomes and reducing the burden of this often overlooked epidemic.
