ABSTRACT
Os principais objetivos do tratamento ortodôntico são: alcançar uma oclusão dentária funcional e equilibrada, e harmonizar esteticamente a face do indivíduo. Esse artigo descreve resumidamente os sinais indicativos das tendências biológicas próprias dos seres humanos que, quando reconhecidas, favorecem o planejamento individualizado, o protocolo de contenção e o prognóstico dos casos. Resultados de tratamento adequados são alcançados e mantidos com estabilidade ao longo dos anos quando os limites biológicos individuais de cada paciente forem rigorosamente respeitados. Conhecer os potenciais e as limitações de cada padrão biológico possibilita o planejamento mecânico mais apropriado e com expectativas mais objetivas às respostas terapêuticas.
The objectives of orthodontic treatment are to achieve a balanced dental occlusion and to harmonize the face of the individual. This article briefly describes the signals indicative of the biological tendencies of human beings. When recognized, contribute to plan individualized protocol and to prognosis the cases. Results of treatment are achieved and stabilized over the years when the biological limits of the patients are strictly adhered to. Understanding the potential and limitations of each pattern allows more appropriate expectations about the therapeutic responses.
Subject(s)
Clinical Protocols , Face/anatomy & histology , Orthodontics , Planning Techniques , Prognosis , Treatment Outcome , Malocclusion, Angle Class II/therapy , Palatal Expansion TechniqueABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Obstructive hypertrophy of the tonsils and/or adenoids is associated with mouth breathing and can lead to facial imbalances. Adenotonsillectomy is not enough to treat the anatomic changes. Facial orthopedic techniques aid in morphological and functional recovery. This prospective longitudinal clinical study aimed to observe craniofacial changes after adenotonsillectomy and to verify the importance of linking rapid maxillary expansion to treatment. METHOD: Fifty-three children of both genders, aged 6 to 12 years, were allocated to: Group 1, 20 children with nasal breathing; and group 2, 33 children with obstructive hypertrophy of pharyngeal and/or palate undergoing adenotonsillectomy. After surgery, this group was subdivided into Group 2A, 16 patients not treated with rapid maxillary expansion; and Group 2B, 17 patients treated with maxillary rapid expansion. Frontal and lateral cephalometric measurements were made prior to surgery and after 14 months. Statistical analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests--significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Adenotonsillectomy balanced transversal, sagittal and vertical growth in both groups, and was more effective in the group undergoing combined treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Adenotonsillectomy improved the facial growth of children with obstructive hypertrophy, which was more evident when associated with rapid maxillary expansion.
Subject(s)
Craniofacial Abnormalities/surgery , Malocclusion/surgery , Mouth Breathing/surgery , Palatal Expansion Technique , Adenoidectomy , Case-Control Studies , Cephalometry , Child , Craniofacial Abnormalities/etiology , Female , Humans , Hypertrophy/complications , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Malocclusion/complications , Mouth Breathing/etiology , Palatine Tonsil/pathology , Prospective Studies , TonsillectomyABSTRACT
A hipertrofia obstrutiva das tonsilas palatinas e faríngeas está associada à respiração oral e pode levar a desequilíbrios faciais. A adenotonsilectomia parece ser insuficiente para o tratamento quando ocorreram alterações anatômicas. Técnicas ortopédicas faciais auxiliam no restabelecimento morfofuncional. Estudo clínico longitudinal prospectivo objetivou observar alterações craniofaciais após adenotonsilectomia e verificar a importância de associar ortopedia ao tratamento. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Cinquenta e três crianças de ambos os gêneros, entre 6 e 12 anos, divididas em: Grupo 1, 20 crianças com respiração nasal; Grupo 2, 33 crianças com hipertrofia obstrutiva das tonsilas faríngeas e/ou palatinas, submetidas à adenotonsilectomia. Após a cirurgia, este grupo foi subdividido: Grupo 2A, 16 pacientes não tratados com expansão rápida da maxila; Grupo 2B, 17 pacientes tratados com disjunção maxilar. Foram realizadas medidas cefalométricas em norma frontal e lateral anteriores à cirurgia e após 14 meses. Foram utilizados os testes Kruskal-Wallis e Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A adenotonsilectomia equilibrou o crescimento transversal, sagital e vertical em ambos os grupos, sendo mais efetiva no grupo submetido ao tratamento combinado. CONCLUSÕES: A adenotonsilectomia favoreceu o crescimento facial das crianças com hipertrofia obstrutiva, sendo mais evidente quando associada à expansão maxilar.
Obstructive hypertrophy of the tonsils and/or adenoids is associated with mouth breathing and can lead to facial imbalances. Adenotonsillectomy is not enough to treat the anatomic changes. Facial orthopedic techniques aid in morphological and functional recovery. This prospective longitudinal clinical study aimed to observe craniofacial changes after adenotonsillectomy and to verify the importance of linking rapid maxillary expansion to treatment. METHOD: Fifty-three children of both genders, aged 6 to 12 years, were allocated to: Group 1, 20 children with nasal breathing; and group 2, 33 children with obstructive hypertrophy of pharyngeal and/or palate undergoing adenotonsillectomy. After surgery, this group was subdivided into Group 2A, 16 patients not treated with rapid maxillary expansion; and Group 2B, 17 patients treated with maxillary rapid expansion. Frontal and lateral cephalometric measurements were made prior to surgery and after 14 months. Statistical analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests - significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Adenotonsillectomy balanced transversal, sagittal and vertical growth in both groups, and was more effective in the group undergoing combined treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Adenotonsillectomy improved the facial growth of children with obstructive hypertrophy, which was more evident when associated with rapid maxillary expansion.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Craniofacial Abnormalities/surgery , Malocclusion/surgery , Mouth Breathing/surgery , Palatal Expansion Technique , Adenoidectomy , Case-Control Studies , Cephalometry , Craniofacial Abnormalities/etiology , Hypertrophy/complications , Longitudinal Studies , Malocclusion/complications , Mouth Breathing/etiology , Prospective Studies , Palatine Tonsil/pathology , TonsillectomyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Childhood oral breathing can alter muscular balance and lead to facial deformities. No articles in the literature have reported on the alteration of facial growth patterns in patients who have received tracheotomies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate craniofacial developmental consequences originating from variations in breathing mechanisms in children who are nasal breathers or oral breathers, and those who have been tracheotomized. METHODS: The sample was divided into 3 groups of 10 each. The nasal group had a mean age of 13.9 years, the oral group had a mean age of 12.7 years, and the tracheotomy group had a mean age of 12.8 years. The masseter and suprahyoid muscles were evaluated with electromyography. The following measurements were made: facial, maxillary, and mandibular widths; nasion-sella-gnathion angle; and facial index. RESULTS: The tracheotomized group was similar to the nasal group for greater activity of the masseter muscles than of the suprahyoid muscles during mastication, as well as in the measurements of facial, maxillary, and mandibular widths. The oral group showed reductions in each category. The tracheotomized group was similar to the oral group during maximum dental occlusion for significantly higher activity of the suprahyoid muscles compared with the masseter muscles, with reductions in vertical values. CONCLUSIONS: A childhood tracheotomy might affect facial development in a way comparable with that of oral breathers, including abnormal facial growth variations.
Subject(s)
Maxillofacial Development/physiology , Mouth Breathing/physiopathology , Nose/physiology , Respiration , Tracheotomy , Adolescent , Cephalometry/methods , Child , Dental Arch/pathology , Electromyography , Face , Facial Muscles/growth & development , Female , Humans , Male , Mandible/pathology , Masseter Muscle/growth & development , Mastication/physiology , Maxilla/pathology , Mouth Breathing/etiology , Nasal Bone/pathology , Neck Muscles/growth & development , Sella Turcica/pathology , Vertical DimensionABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Children with hypertrophic tonsils and adenoids may have adverse effects on dental occlusion, which tend to worsen during the growth period. Diagnosis and early treatment is essential. AIM: Prospective clinical study to compare the cephalometric measurements before and after adenotonsillectomy in mouth breathing patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We had 38 patients of both genders, aged between 7 and 11 years in our sample, broken down into: oral group, 18 patients with obstructive hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil and/or palate grade 3 or 4; control group, 20 patients with normal breathing. Angular and linear dental measurements were compared between the groups in a 14 months interval. We used the "t" Student and Wilcoxon tests for unpaired samples, at 5% significance, for statistical purposes. RESULTS: The sagittal position and axial angle of the lower incisors increased significantly in the group with oral breathing, the sagittal position of the upper incisors increased significantly in the oral group, which still had a significant increase in overbite. CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy was very effective in improving some dental measurements, with benefits to growing patients preventing malocclusions from becoming difficult to treat or permanent.
Subject(s)
Malocclusion/surgery , Mouth Breathing/surgery , Palatine Tonsil/surgery , Adenoidectomy/methods , Case-Control Studies , Cephalometry , Child , Female , Humans , Hyperplasia/complications , Hyperplasia/pathology , Hyperplasia/surgery , Incisor , Male , Malocclusion/prevention & control , Mouth Breathing/etiology , Palatine Tonsil/pathology , Prospective Studies , Tonsillectomy/methodsABSTRACT
Children with hypertrophic tonsils and adenoids may have adverse effects on dental occlusion, which tend to worsen during the growth period. Diagnosis and early treatment is essential. AIM: Prospective clinical study to compare the cephalometric measurements before and after adenotonsillectomy in mouth breathing patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We had 38 patients of both genders, aged between 7 and 11 years in our sample, broken down into: oral group, 18 patients with obstructive hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil and/or palate grade 3 or 4; control group, 20 patients with normal breathing. Angular and linear dental measurements were compared between the groups in a 14 months interval. We used the "t" Student and Wilcoxon tests for unpaired samples, at 5 percent significance, for statistical purposes. RESULTS: The sagittal position and axial angle of the lower incisors increased significantly in the group with oral breathing, the sagittal position of the upper incisors increased significantly in the oral group, which still had a significant increase in overbite. CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy was very effective in improving some dental measurements, with benefits to growing patients preventing malocclusions from becoming difficult to treat or permanent.
Crianças com tonsilas e adenoides hipertróficas podem apresentar efeitos desfavoráveis na oclusão dentária, que tendem a agravar no período de crescimento, tornando imprescindível seu diagnóstico e tratamento precoce. OBJETIVO: Este estudo clínico prospectivo comparou medidas cefalométricas dos incisivos antes e após a adenotonsilectomia, em respiradores orais. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: A amostra foi de 38 pacientes de ambos os gêneros, entre 7 e 11 anos, dividida em: grupo oral, com 18 pacientes com hipertrofia obstrutiva da tonsila faríngea e/ou palatinas grau 3 ou 4; grupo controle, com 20 pacientes com respiração nasal. Medidas dentárias angulares e lineares foram comparadas entre os grupos, antes e após adenotonsilectomia, em um intervalo de 14 meses. A análise estatística utilizou os testes t-Student e Wilcoxon para amostras não pareadas, ao nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: A inclinação axial e a posição sagital dos incisivos inferiores aumentaram significativamente no grupo com respiração oral; o posicionamento sagital dos incisivos superiores aumentou significativamente no grupo oral, que ainda obteve aumento significativo de sobremordida. CONCLUSÃO: A adenoamigdalectomia se mostrou bastante eficaz na melhora de algumas medidas dentárias, com benefícios aos pacientes em crescimento, prevenindo que más oclusões dentárias tenham difícil tratamento ou se tornem definitivas.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Malocclusion/surgery , Mouth Breathing/surgery , Palatine Tonsil/surgery , Adenoidectomy/methods , Case-Control Studies , Cephalometry , Hyperplasia/complications , Hyperplasia/pathology , Hyperplasia/surgery , Incisor , Malocclusion/prevention & control , Mouth Breathing/etiology , Prospective Studies , Palatine Tonsil/pathology , Tonsillectomy/methodsABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Mouth breathing may cause deformities on the dental arch and be a risk factor for caries and periodontal disease; fixed orthodontic appliances compound the problem. AIM: to evaluate mineralization of tooth enamel and the oral cariogenic microbiota of mouth breathers that are using maxillary expanders. MATERIAL AND METHOD: a prospective study of 20 mouth-breathing patients with maxillary atresia, aged from 09 to 13 years. Enamel mineralization was measured using a fluorescence technique, before installing the expander and after its removal. The cariogenic microbiota was evaluated by the No Caries®. The t test (p<0.05) was applied for the statistical analysis, and the oral microbiota was analyzed by incidence. RESULTS: there was a statistically significant difference in the enamel mineralization level after maxillary expansion; the mean value was 3.08. The colorimetric test showed that the caries development potential was reduced in 45%, increased in 15%, and unaltered in 40% after maxillary expander use. CONCLUSION: there was a statistically significant difference in enamel mineralization after maxillary expansion; this difference was within the clinically normal range; the cariogenic potential increased in a small number of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Subject(s)
Mouth Breathing/complications , Mouth/microbiology , Orthodontic Appliances/adverse effects , Palatal Expansion Technique , Tooth Demineralization/etiology , Adolescent , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dental Caries/microbiology , Dental Enamel/microbiology , Female , Fluorescence , Humans , Male , Maxilla/abnormalities , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Saliva/microbiologyABSTRACT
A respiração oral pode causar deformações na arcada dentária e representar risco a cáries e doenças periodontais, podendo ser agravado pela utilização de aparelhos fixos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o grau de mineralização do esmalte dentário e a microbiota cariogênica bucal de respiradores orais que utilizaram disjuntores maxilares. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo com 20 pacientes respiradores orais com atresia maxilar, idades entre 9 e 13 anos. A mineralização do esmalte dentário foi medida pela técnica de fluorescência, antes da instalação do disjuntor maxilar e após sua remoção. A microbiota cariogênica foi avaliada pelo No Caries®. Na análise estatística utilizamos o teste "t" (p<0,05), e a microbiota oral analisada por incidência. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante no grau de mineralização do esmalte dentário após a disjunção maxilar, com valor médio de 3,08. O teste colorimétrico demonstrou que 45 por cento diminuiu e 15 por cento aumentou o potencial à cárie dentária, sendo que 40 por cento permaneceu inalterado após o uso do disjuntor maxilar. CONCLUSÃO: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante no grau de mineralização do esmalte dentário nos pacientes respiradores orais após a utilização de disjuntor, porém dentro da faixa de normalidade clínica, e um número pequeno de pacientes aumentou o potencial cariogênico durante o tratamento ortodôntico.
Mouth breathing may cause deformities on the dental arch and be a risk factor for caries and periodontal disease; fixed orthodontic appliances compound the problem. AIM: to evaluate mineralization of tooth enamel and the oral cariogenic microbiota of mouth breathers that are using maxillary expanders. MATERIAL AND METHOD: a prospective study of 20 mouth-breathing patients with maxillary atresia, aged from 09 to 13 years. Enamel mineralization was measured using a fluorescence technique, before installing the expander and after its removal. The cariogenic microbiota was evaluated by the No Caries®. The t test (p<0.05) was applied for the statistical analysis, and the oral microbiota was analyzed by incidence. RESULTS: there was a statistically significant difference in the enamel mineralization level after maxillary expansion; the mean value was 3.08. The colorimetric test showed that the caries development potential was reduced in 45 percent, increased in 15 percent, and unaltered in 40 percent after maxillary expander use. CONCLUSION: there was a statistically significant difference in enamel mineralization after maxillary expansion; this difference was within the clinically normal range; the cariogenic potential increased in a small number of patients during orthodontic treatment.