Effects of genotype and nutrient medium on obtaining haploid plants through ovary culture in cucumber.

BACKGROUND: Cucumber is a species that breeding studies for variety development are carried out intensively. However, double haploidy technology, which aims to shorten the breeding process, has not yet reached the desired level. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three induction (M1: Murashige and Skoog (MS), 0.04 mg L-1 Thidiazuron (TDZ); M2: MS, 0.15 mg L-1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1.5 mg L-1 Kinetin; M3: MS, 0.1 mg L-1 2,4-D, 1 mg L-1 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and one regeneration (MS, 0.2 mg L-1 BAP, 0.05 mg L-1 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) media and 31 cucumber genotypes were used. At the end of study, in terms of embryo formation, M3 (33.41 embryos per 100 cultured ovaria, 99.61 embryos per 100 developed ovaria) and M2 (30.70 embryos per 100 cultured ovaria, 122.05 embryos per 100 developed ovaria) were found to be better than M1 (17.54 embryos per 100 cultured ovaria, 68.34 embryos per 100 developed ovaria). For plant formation, M1 (13.23 plants per 100 embryos) and M2 were found to be more succesful than M3. Ploidy analyses performed on 72 of 98 plants through flow cytrometry showed that obtained plants were various ploidy level (34.72% haploid, 37.5% diploid, 22.22% mixoploid, and 5.55% tetraploid). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of the research, 2,4-D added to the nutrient media seems to be successful in induction of ovary culture in cucumber. In plants determined as diploid according to ploidy analysis, doubled haploid situation should be checked by molecular analysis.

Total phenolics, antioxidant activities and fatty acid profiles of six Morchella species.

In present study, total phenolic compound, antioxidant activities and fatty acids of several Morchella species collected from different regions of Turkey were determined. Six species were detected, namely Morchella dunalii (HT562), M. purpurascens group (HT565, HT592, HT662, HT699), M. deliciosa (HT682), M. mediterraneensis (HT698), M. importuna (HT667, HT681) and M. esculenta (HT704). The highest phenolic content was determined in the collection numbered as HT565 (281.96 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight), followed by HT699, HT562, HT662, HT592, HT698, HT704, HT681, HT667 and HT682. Antioxidant activities were also evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assays and the maximum (0.51 and 1.04 mmol trolox equivalent (TE)/g dry weight respectively) was observed in HT565. The results for the fatty acids composition showed that assessed Morchella species were rich in nutritionally important unsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and myristic acid were the identified compounds. Linoleic acid was the most common in samples like HT565, HT592, HT704, HT662, HT682 and HT667 and followed by oleic acid except in HT565. In HT681, HT698, HT699 and HT562, oleic acid was dominant and followed by linoleic acid. The ratios of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids were calculated as 10.79, 4.78, 6.80, 8.09, 6.67, 4.35, 8.70, 8.64, 7.90 and 7.43 in HT562, HT565, HT592, HT662, HT667, HT681, HT682, HT698, HT699 and HT704 respectively. The sampling locations and species of Morels had influenced the bioactivities and fatty acid compositions of specimens.

Comparitive study on volatile aroma compounds of two different garlic types (Kastamonu and Chinese) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) technique.

BACKROUND: The medicinal use of garlic is much older than its usage as a food. The medical importance of garlic comes forward for its sulfur-containing components. In this study, it was aimed to compare Kastamonu garlic type with Chinese garlic type based on their aroma profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fresh Kastamonu garlic samples harvested from Kastamonu region of Turkey and Chinese garlic samples obtained from Turkish market were used as plant material. Volatile aroma compounds were determined using Headspace Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC/MS). RESULTS: Sixteen and twenty aroma components were identified in Kastamonu and Chinese garlic types, respectively. Kastamonu garlic type was found to be richer than Chinese garlic types in terms of sulfur-containing compounds. Diallyl disulphide, which is one of these components, was detected at level of 41.87% and 34.95% in the Kastamonu and Chinese garlic types, respectively. Also di-2-propenyl trisulfide was found only in Kastamonu garlic types. Disulfide, methyl 2-propenyl was determined at similar levels in both garlic types. CONCLUSION: The majority of garlic grown in Kastamonu region of Turkey is assessed by medical companies. CONCLUSION: The results of the current study showed that Kastamonu garlic type has important medical properties. Therefore, this garlic can also be used in the medical field, as well as the consumption as food.

Use of tissue culture techniques for producing virus-free plant in garlic and their identification through real-time PCR.

This study was performed for comparison of meristem culture technique with shoot tip culture technique for obtaining virus-free plant, comparison of micropropagation success of two different nutrient media, and determination of effectiveness of real-time PCR assay for the detection of viruses. Two different garlic species (Allium sativum and Allium tuncelianum) and two different nutrient media were used in this experiment. Results showed that Medium 2 was more successful compared to Medium 1 for both A. tuncelianum and A. sativum (Kastamonu garlic clone). In vitro plants obtained via meristem and shoot tip cultures were tested for determination of onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) through real-time PCR assay. In garlic plants propagated via meristem culture, we could not detect any virus. OYDV and LYSV viruses were detected in plants obtained via shoot tip culture. OYDV virus was observed in amount of 80% and 73% of tested plants for A. tuncelianum and A. sativum, respectively. LYSV virus was found in amount of 67% of tested plants of A. tuncelianum and in amount of 87% of tested plants of A. sativum in this study.

Comparison of different methods for separation of haploid embryo induced through irradiated pollen and their economic analysis in Melon (Cucumis melo var. inodorus).

Irradiated pollen technique is the most successful haploidization technique within Cucurbitaceae. After harvesting of fruits pollinated with irradiated pollen, classical method called as "inspecting the seeds one by one" is used to find haploid embryos in the seeds. In this study, different methods were used to extract the embryos more easily, quickly, economically, and effectively. "Inspecting the seeds one by one" was used as control treatment. Other four methods tested were "sowing seeds direct nutrient media," "inspecting seeds in the light source," "floating seeds on liquid media," and "floating seeds on liquid media after surface sterilization." Y2 and Y3 melon genotypes selected from the third backcross population of Yuva were used as plant material. Results of this study show that there is no statistically significant difference among methods "inspecting the seeds one by one," "sowing seeds direct CP nutrient media," and "inspecting seeds in the light source," although the average number of embryos per fruit is slightly different. No embryo production was obtained from liquid culture because of infection. When considered together with labor costs and time required for embryo rescue, the best methods were "sowing seeds directly in the CP nutrient media" and "inspecting seeds in the light source."