Development and Validation of the High Performance Volleyball Self-Efficacy Scale.

In this study, we aimed to develop and psychometrically examine a self-efficacy scale for high-performance volleyball athletes. A literature review and interviews with 16 experts led to construction of item content. A preliminary version of the scale was then administered to 24 high-performing adult athletes, followed by administration of the scale to 300 Brazilian high-performing volleyball athletes (M age = 24.88, SD = 5.51 years; 55% male; 45% female). The definitive model contained 19 items, grouped into three factors (Self-Efficacy in the Game, Defensive Self-Efficacy in Volleyball, and Offensive Self-Efficacy in Volleyball). A Global Self-Efficacy score was evaluated through several statistical procedures that provided evidence of an adequate fit of the model to the data, and we showed internal reliability of the item content and invariance of the instrument for both sexes. These results support the instrument's test content, internal structure, and relation to other variables, indicating that the Volleyball Self-Efficacy Scale (VSES) can now be used to assess the self-efficacy of high performing Brazilian volleyball athletes.

Validación del Cuestionario de Climas Motivacionales empowering y disempowering en jóvenes deportistas mexicanos / Validation of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climates Questionnaire with young Mexican athletes

Resumen Introducción: El objetivo del estudio fue validar el Cuestionario de Climas Motivacionales Empowering y Disempowering (Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire-Coach, EDMCQ-C) en jóvenes deportistas mexicanos a través del análisis de sus propiedades psicométricas, fiabilidad, validez convergente-discriminante, concurrente y factorial (de primero y segundo orden). Método: Participaron un total de 1243 jóvenes deportistas mexicanos de 12 a 17 años. Resultados: Los análisis mostraron adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, tanto de fiabilidad por dimensiones y factores, como de validez, convergente-discriminante, concurrente, factorial, de dos dimensiones (AFC de primer orden) y de cinco factores con sus respectivas dos dimensiones (AFC de segundo orden). Conclusión: Estos datos sugieren que la versión adaptada al contexto mexicano es un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la percepción de los climas motivacionales que generan los entrenadores en jóvenes deportistas mexicanos.

Abstract Abstract Introduction: The aim of the study was to validate the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire-Coach (EDMCQ-C) in young Mexican athletes through the analysis of its psychometric properties, reliability, convergent-discriminant, concurrent and factorial (first and second order) validity. Method: A total of 1243 young Mexican athletes aged 12 to 17 years participated. Results: Analysis showed adequate psychometric properties, both reliability by dimensions and factors, as well as convergent-discriminant, concurrent, factorial, two-dimensional (first-order CFA) and five-factor validity with their respective two dimensions (second-order CFA). Conclusion: These data suggest that the version adapted to the Mexican context is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the perception of motivational climates generated by coaches in young Mexican athletes.

Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ): Psychometric Properties in Its Digital Version.

The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire's (TEOSQ's) psychometric properties have been explored in previous studies but never in its digital version, which facilitates data collection. The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the online TEOSQ by MenPas 1.0. The sample was composed of 2320 users (58.4% women; 41.6% men), between 18 and 65 years old (M = 25.27, SD = 7.39). The methods used were Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and invariance analysis from the original 13-item model. The CFA was corrected for all samples (CFI = 0.92-0.94, TLI = 0.93-0.95, RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.06; df = 64; Bollen-Stine Bootstrap p = 0.02-0.07): general sample (χ2 = 720.72, χ2/df = 11.26), women (χ2 = 496.85, χ2/df = 7.76), men (χ2 = 321.67, χ2/df = 5.03), individual sports (χ2 = 525.26, χ2/df = 8.21), and team sports (χ2 = 306.01, χ2/df = 4.78). The results also indicate optimal adjustments for invariance: convergent, discriminant and composite reliability validity. The study evidence demonstrates the adequate psychometric properties of the digital version. To conclude, considering the results obtained, the model shows a good psychometric fit for the sample in its online format. The principal limitations were computer failures, as well as that the large part of the sample were users between 20 and 25 years old, so the heterogeneity should be improved. The practical implications of this study could improve the efficacy of data collection in sports motivation using the online TEOSQ.

Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climates, Mediating Psychological Processes, and Future Intentions of Sport Participation.

Based on the conceptual model of multidimensional and hierarchical motivational climate the objective of this study was to test two models. One model (M1) of total mediation, testing the mediating mechanisms that explain why the motivational climate affects intention of continuity or dropout. Specifically, we test the mediating role of satisfaction/frustration of basic psychological needs and self-determined motivation, in the relationship between the players' perception of the empowering and disempowering climate created by the coach, and the intention of young soccer players to continue/dropout the sport practice. The second model (M2) of partial mediation, contributes to knowing the mechanisms that link the antecedent variables included in the model (perceived empowering and disempowering motivational climate) and the outcomes (intention of continuity or dropout in sport). A total of 381 young male soccer players between 12 and 14 years of age (M = 12.41, SD = 0.89), completed a questionnaire package tapping into the variables of interest: players' perception of the motivational climate created by the coach (empowering and disempowering), satisfaction/thwarting of basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation and the intention to continue/dropout sports participation. The hypothesized model was tested using a structural equation model technique with latent variables. The results of the partial mediation model were satisfactory (χ2= 120.92; df = 68; RMSEA = 0.045; CFI = 0.968; TLI = 0.957) and showed that need satisfaction and self-determined motivation partially mediated the relationship between the perception of the empowering climate and the intention to continue. Moreover, need satisfaction showed a positive and significant relationship with the intention to continue sports participation. Additionally, need thwarting and self-determined motivation totally mediated the relationship between the perception of the disempowering climate and the intention to dropout. Furthermore, needs thwarting was positively and significantly related to the intention to dropout of sports participation. Findings point to the importance of fostering empowering climates and preventing the creation of disempowering climates in the grassroots football.

Measurement invariance of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire-coach in youth sport.

The purpose of this study was to test the measurement invariance (across five languages, two time points, and two experimental conditions) of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire-coach (EDMCQ-C; Appleton et al., 2016) when completed by 9256 young sport participants (M age = 11.53 years, SD = 1.39 years; 13.5% female). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the validity of a 2-factor (empowering and disempowering) model running a multiple group analysis without any equality constraint (configural invariance) followed by measurement invariance of factor loadings and thresholds (scalar invariance). Findings provided support for partial invariance across languages and scalar invariance across time and experimental groups. The factors were interpretable across the analyses, and items loaded as intended by theory except for item 15. This study provides further evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the EDMCQ-C and suggests this scale (minus item 15) can be used to provide meaningful latent mean comparisons (Marsh et al., 2013) of empowering and disempowering coach-created climates across athletes speaking the five targeted languages, across time, and across experimental groups.

Perceived Coach-Created Motivational Climates as Predictors of Athletes' Goal Reengagement: The Mediational Role of Goal Motives.

Athletes have to face several challenges during the sport season, and one of them could involve dealing with unattainable goals. In these situations, being able to reengage in other goals as a form of goal adjustment and in response to contextual demands is adaptive. According to previous literature, some aspects of the athletes' social context, such as coach-created motivational climates, could encourage more adaptive responses in athletes, and so it is possible that these climates would also promote athletes' goal regulation and goal reengagement. The purpose of this study was twofold: to analyze whether athletes' perception of empowering and disempowering climates were related to their goal reengagement through the mediation of goal motives; and to examine the interaction between the two climates when they predict reengagement through athletes' goal motives. Participants were 414 Spanish university athletes (49.5% male, 50.5% female) who belonged to different university teams, with ages ranging from 17 to 33 years old (M = 20.61, SD = 2.58). In the sport facilities, all of them completed questionnaires that evaluated their perception of empowering and disempowering climates, their goal motives, and their goal reengagement. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results showed that perceived empowering climate positively predicted autonomous goal motives, which in turn had a positive relationship with goal reengagement. Conversely, perceived disempowering climate positively predicted controlled goal motives, which were not related to goal reengagement. Thus, we only found support for the indirect relationship between perceived empowering climate and goal reengagement through autonomous goal motives. Moderated mediation analyses revealed that interaction effects between perceived empowering and disempowering climates were not significant in the prediction of goal reengagement through goal motives. Findings revealed that the perception of empowering climates promotes athletes' goal reengagement when goals become unattainable via the increase in their autonomous goal motives. Conversely, when athletes perceive disempowering climates, they have more controlled goal motives, which are not related to goal reengagement. In addition, the study supports the need to educate coaches to create more empowering and less disempowering climates.

The Role of Dispositional Orientations and Goal Motives on Athletes' Well- and Ill-Being.

Findings in different contexts suggest that task orientation and ego orientation are related to adaptive and maladaptive motivational patterns, respectively. In sport, these personal dispositions could influence other important variables such as the goals that athletes pursue (and why they pursue them) during the season and their well- and ill-being. The main purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between athletes' dispositional goal orientations, their goal motives, and their reported well-being (subjective vitality) and ill-being (physical and emotional exhaustion). The study involved 414 Spanish university athletes (206 female and 208 male) with an age range of 17 to 33 years (M = 20.61; SD = 2.58) that completed a package of questionnaires at the beginning of the season. Results of path analysis revealed that athletes' task orientation was negatively associated to physical and emotional exhaustion indirectly through autonomous and controlled goal motives. In contrast, ego orientation was positively related to physical and emotional exhaustion via its link to controlled goal motives. Athletes' task orientation directly and positively predicted subjective vitality, even though goal motives were not significant mediators. These findings support previous evidence about the protective role of athletes' task orientation, in contrast to ego orientation, confirming its positive relationship with well-being and its negative one with ill-being. Additionally, it extends the knowledge regarding interdependencies between goal orientations and goal motives and how both contribute to athletes' optimal or compromised functioning.

Examining the Mediating Role of Motivation in the Relationship between Multidimensional Perfectionism and Well- and Ill-Being in Vocational Dancers.

Perfectionism is considered to be an important personality factor within the dance context given the high number of dancers whose psychological health is influenced by its consequences. The relationship between perfectionism and dancers' well- and ill-being can be mediated by a range of variables. The present study explores the role of forms of motivation (i.e., autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation) as mediators in the relationship between perfectionism (i.e., self-oriented and socially prescribed) and an indicator of well-being (i.e., subjective vitality) and ill-being (i.e., burnout). Participants of the study were 146 male and female Spanish vocational dancers aged between 12 and 26 years old (Mean age = 15.40 ± 2.96) who completed questionnaires measuring the variables of interest. Results of multiple mediator regression analyses showed that amotivation mediated the relationships between self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism with burnout and subjective vitality. Self-oriented perfectionism was negatively correlated, and socially prescribed perfectionism positively associated with amotivation. Amotivation of dancers was a positive predictor of burnout and a negative predictor of subjective vitality. Overall, the findings corroborate the importance of amotivation in the relationship between perfectionism dimensions and well-being and ill-being in dancers.

The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lockdown on Athletes' Subjective Vitality: The Protective Role of Resilience and Autonomous Goal Motives.

The lockdown resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a huge impact on peoples' health. In sport specifically, athletes have had to deal with frustration of their objectives and changes in their usual training routines. The challenging and disruptive situation could hold implications for their well-being. This study examined the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on changes in athletes' reported eudaimonic well-being (subjective vitality) and goal motives (autonomous and controlled) over time (i.e., pre-lockdown and during lockdown). The relationship of resilience to changes in subjective vitality was also determined, and changes in athletes' goal motives were examined as potential mediators. Participants were 127 Spanish university athletes aged between 18 and 34 years (M = 21.14; SD = 2.77). Approximately 4 months before the start of the lockdown in Spain (T1), athletes responded to a questionnaire assessing their resilience, goal motives, and subjective vitality. Around 6 months later into the lockdown period (T2), athletes' goal motives and subjective vitality were assessed again. Growth modeling using hierarchical linear models revealed a significant decrease of autonomous goal motives and subjective vitality during the lockdown, but athletes did not show change over time in controlled goal motives. Path analysis, adjusting T2 measures for their corresponding T1 measures, showed that resilience significantly predicted changes in athletes' autonomous goal motives, which then accounted for changes in subjective vitality. The indirect effect was significant. Resilience did not predict changes in athletes' controlled goal motives. However, changes in controlled goal motives negatively predicted changes in subjective vitality during lockdown. The findings suggest negative impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on athletes' goal motives and eudaimonic well-being. Results also support the hypothesized mediational role of autonomous goal motives in the relationship between resilience and subjective vitality during the lockdown. As such, findings confirm the relevance of resilience to a key feature of athletes' eudaimonic well-being and the importance of enhancing their autonomous goal striving.

Self-efficacy in volleyball: What has been evaluated? A systematic review / Autoeficacia en voleibol: ¿Qué se ha evaluado? Una revisión sistemática / Autoeficácia no voleibol: O que se tem avaliado? Uma revisão sistemática

Self-efficacy in sport has been the purpose of study in different modalities, among them the volleyball. The aim of the study was to verify by means of a systematic review what has been evaluated volleyball self-efficacy. The databases APA, Bireme, Eric, Science Direct, Pubmed and Scopus were used to carry out the searches. After the research, the articles were selected, using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 7 articles by the theme. The result points a absence of clarity in the instruments for assessing self-efficacy in volleyball with respect to what they intend to measure in relation to technical, tactical, physical or psychological attributes. In addition, few articles have pointed the psychometric properties of the instruments used in the research, which implies, in practical terms, inaccurate results, hindering the reproducibility of the studies. Therefore, it is suggested that specific instruments for the modality should be developed which present the statistical procedures used in order to obtain reliable results

La autoeficacia en el deporte ha sido motivo de estudio en diferentes modalidades, entre las que figura el voleibol. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática para conocer lo que se ha evaluado en los estudios sobre autoeficacia en voleibol. Las bases de datos utilizadas fueron APA PsycInfo, Bireme Eric, Science Direct, PubMed y Scopus. A partir de esta búsqueda, siguiendo los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se seleccionaron 7 artículos. Los resultados apuntan a la falta de claridad en los instrumentos de evaluación de la autoeficacia en el voleibol en lo referente a lo que pretenden medir de los atributos técnicos, tácticos, físicos o psicológicos. Además, pocos artículos indicaron las propiedades psicométricas de los instrumentos utilizados, lo que conduce, en términos prácticos, a resultados imprecisos. Se sugiere que se desarrollen instrumentos específicos para el voleibol y que en los artículos se presenten los procedimientos estadísticos utilizados

A autoeficácia no esporte tem sido propósito de estudo com diferentes modalidades, entre elas o voleibol. O objetivo deste estudo de revisão sistemática foi verificar o que se tem avaliado sobre autoeficácia do voleibol. Utilizaram-se as bases de dados APA PsycInfo, Bireme, Eric, Science Direct, Pubmed e Scopus para efetuar as buscas. Após a pesquisa, os artigos foram selecionados, utilizando-se dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, resultando em 7 artigos. Os resultados apontam falta de clareza nos instrumentos de avaliação da autoeficácia no voleibol quanto ao que pretendem medir em relação aos atributos técnicos, táticos, físicos ou psicológicos. Além disso, poucos artigos apresentaram propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos utilizados, o que implica, em termos práticos, em resultados imprecisos. Sugere-se a construção de instrumentos específicos para a modalidade que apresentem procedimentos estatísticos utilizados a fim de obter resultados fidedignos

Relación entre clima empowering y diversión en pitchers de béisbol: el papel moderador de la motivación autónoma / Relationship between empowering climate and enjoyment in baseball pitchers: the moderator role of autonomous motivation / Relação entre clima empowering e diversão em arremessadores de beisebol: o papel moderador da motivação autônoma

Tomando como base la conceptualización jerárquica y multidimensional del clima motivacional, propuesto por Duda (2013), el objetivo de este estudio fue poner a prueba el papel moderador de la motivación autónoma en la relación entre la percepción del clima empowering creado por el entrenador y la diversión en la práctica deportiva en pitchers de béisbol. Participaron 97 pitchers Mexicanos (Medad = 14.12, DT = 1.09) pertenecientes a 39 equipos de 10 Ligas de Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Las variables psicológicas fueron evaluadas con las versiones adaptadas al contexto mexicano del Cuestionario de Clima Motivacional Empowering y Disempowering creado por el entrenador (EDMCQ-C), la Escala de Motivación en el Deporte (SMS-II), y la escala de Satisfacción Intrínseca en el Deporte (SSI). Los resultados del modelo de regresión de moderación rodados con PROCESS indicaron que: la motivación autónoma modera la relación entre el clima empowering y la diversión (B = -.15, p < .05), concretamente, para valores altos de motivación autónoma la relación entre clima empowering y diversión fue nula, pasando a ser esta relación positiva y significativa para valores de motivación autónoma inferiores a 2.05. En conclusión, la motivación autónoma modera la relación entre la percepción del clima empowering creado por el entrenador y la diversión en la práctica de pitchers de béisbol

Based on Duda's (2013) hierarchical and multidimensional conceptualization of the motivational climate, the objective of this study was to test the moderating role of autonomous motivation in the relationship between the perception of the empowering climate created by the coach and the enjoyment in the practice by baseball pitchers. Participants were ninety-seven Mexican pitchers (M age = 14.12, SD = 1.09) belonging to 39 teams from 10 Leagues in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. The psychological variables were measured with the adapted to the Mexican context versions of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire-Coach (EDMCQ-C), the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II), and the Sport Satisfaction Instrument (SSI). The results of the moderated regression model with PROCESS indicated that: autonomous motivation moderates the relationship between the empowering climate and enjoyment (B = -.15, p < .05), specifically, for high values of autonomous motivation the relationship between climate empowering and fun was null, becoming this positive and significant relationship for values of autonomous motivation lower than 2.05. In conclusion, the autonomous motivation moderates the relationship between the empowering climate perception created by the coach and the enjoyment in the practice of baseball pitchers

Baseando-se no conceito hierárquico e multidimensional do clima motivacional, proposto por Duda (2013), o objetivo deste estudo foi colocar em prova o papel moderador da motivação autônoma na relação entre a percepção do clima empowering criado pelo treinador e pela diversão na prática esportiva em pitchers de beisebol. Participaram 97 pitchers mexicanos (M idade = 14.12, DT = 1.09) pertencentes a 39 equipes de 10 ligas de Hermosillo, Sonora, Ciudad de México. As variáveis psicológicas foram avaliadas com as versões adaptadas ao contexto mexicano do Questionário de Clima Motivacional Empowering e Disempowering criado pelo treinador (EDMCQ-C), a Escala de Motivação no Esporte (SMS-II), e a Escala de Satisfação Intrínseca no Esporte (SSI). Os resultados do modelo de regressão de moderação rodados com PROCESS indicaram que: a motivação autônoma condiciona a relação entre o clima empowering e a diversão (B = -.15, p < .05), concretamente, para altos valores de motivação autônoma a relação entre o clima empowering e diversão foi nula, passando a ser positiva e negativa para valores de motivação autônoma inferiores a 2.05. Concluindo, a motivação autônoma condiciona a relação entre a percepção do clima empowering criado pelo treinador e a diversão na prática de pitchers de beisebol

The Importance of Coaches' Autonomy Support in the Leisure Experience and Well-Being of Young Footballers.

Drawing on the self-determination framework, the study examined the effect of coaches' autonomy support on the leisure experience of young male football players. Specifically, a model was tested analyzing the long-term predictive power of the players' perceptions of the coaches' autonomy support at the beginning of the season on the subjective vitality of young football players at the end of the season, through needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation (IM). Moreover, we tested whether the effects of coaches' autonomy support on the aforementioned variables (needs satisfaction, IM, and subjective vitality) at the end of the season remained at the beginning of the following season. Because the coach in the second season was not the same one as in the first season, the perception of coaches' autonomy support at the beginning of the second season was used as a control variable. Three hundred and sixty football players (M age = 12.60 years; SD = 0.52) completed a questionnaire on the variables of interest at the beginning of the first season (T1), at the end of the first season (T2), and at the beginning of the second season (T3). The results of the path analyses showed that players' perceptions of coaches' autonomy support at the beginning of the season (T1) positively predicted needs satisfaction at the end of the first season (T2), which in turn predicted IM at the end of the first season (T2). Additionally, IM significantly and positively predicted subjective vitality at the end of the first season (T2). Finally, needs satisfaction, IM, and subjective vitality at the end of the second season (T2) positively predicted these same variables at the beginning of the second season (T3). Results emphasized the importance of the autonomy support offered by the coach in promoting the quality of young people's leisure experience playing football and its benefits for their well-being.

Motivational Antecedents of Well-Being and Health Related Behaviors in Adolescents.

Grounded in the Achievement Goal Theory framework of motivation and optimal functioning, there were two objectives of this study: (a) to test a model hypothesizing links between personal theories of school achievement, indices of the quality of academic engagement, wellbeing, and health-related behaviors, and (b) to explore whether the hypothesized model was invariant across gender groups. A multisection questionnaire pack tapping the targeted variables was administered to 967 teenagers (475 boys and 492 girls) aged between 11 to 16 years old. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that Task theory of achievement predicted positively satisfaction in school and negatively boredom in school. An Ego theory of achievement was linked to higher levels of boredom in school. Satisfaction in school corresponded to higher life satisfaction, while boredom was negatively related. Higher life satisfaction was associated with lower tobacco, alcohol and marijuana consumption, more healthy food intake and greater levels of physical activity. The results revealed partial invariance of the model by gender. The quality of adolescents' involvement in the classroom holds important implications for adolescent's well-being and their health related behaviors. Interventions on the creation of a task-involving motivational climate in the school are proposed to promote healthy lifestyles among young people.

The Spanish-Version of the Subjective Vitality Scale: Psychometric Properties and Evidence of Validity.

The Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS) assess the subjective experience of being full of energy and alive, a clinically relevant outcome measure of positive psychological well-being. The purpose of this paper was to translate the 7-item SVS into Spanish and examine its psychometric properties. In Study 1 (n = 790 adolescents) and Study 2 (n = 130 athletes) reliability and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were carried out. In Study 1 and Study 3 (n = 197 dancers) evidence of validity of inferences based on SVS scores estimating relationships with other variables (life satisfaction, global self-esteem and emotional and physical exhaustion) was obtained. In Study 2 invariance across time was tested. Finally in Study 3, the factorial structure was cross-validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results of EFA showed a one-factor solution. CFA also supported a unidimensional factor structure for the Spanish 6-item SVS (RMSEA = .050 (90% CI = .00, .080); NNFI = .993; CFI = .996). Reliability analysis indicated a strong internal consistency in all study samples (α ranged from .82 to .89). Further, results from multi-sample analysis supported the replicability of SVS factor structure across time. Finally, the SVS scores showed the expected correlations patterns (all them significant, p < .01) with the measured outcomes. In conclusion, the Spanish version of the SVS demonstrated adequate psychometric properties, indicating that the scale can be confidently used to measure the experience of possessing energy and aliveness; furthermore, differences across time can be meaningfully carried out.

Estilo controlador del entrenador, frustración de las necesidades y malestar en futbolistas / Estilo controlador do treinador, frustração das necesidades e desconforto em futebolistas / Controlling coach style, basic psychological need thwarting and ill-being in soccer players

Tomando como base la teoría de las necesidades psicológicas básicas el objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en poner a prueba un modelo en el que se analice la secuencia: percepción del estilo controlador del entrenador - frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas - malestar de los jugadores. 433 jóvenes futbolistas varones (M edad = 13.58 ± 0.56) respondieron a las variables de interés. Los resultados del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostraron que la percepción del estilo controlador predecía positivamente la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas de los futbolistas, lo que a su vez predecía positivamente su burnout, sus afectos negativos y sus síntomas de malestar físico y psicológico. Se encontraron efectos indirectos significativos del estilo interpersonal controlador del entrenador sobre los indicadores de malestar a través de la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas. Los resultados nos obligan a reflexionar sobre las consecuencias adversas que tienen los ambientes controladores creados por las figuras de autoridad en los jóvenes futbolistas (AU)

Grounded on basic psychological needs theory the aim of this paper was to test a model following the sequence: perceived coach controlling interpersonal style - basic psychological needs thwarting - player feelings of discomfort. 433 young male football players (M age = 13.58 ± 0.56) responded to the variables of interest. Structural equation modeling results showed that perceived controlling interpersonal style positively predicted the players’ basic psychological needs thwarting, which in turn positively predicted their burnout, their negative affects and their symptoms of physical and psychological discomfort. Indirect effects of coach controlling interpersonal style on feelings of disaffection indicators through basic psychological needs thwarting, were also found. The results compel us to think about the adverse consequences of the controlling contexts created by authority figures over young football players (AU)

Com base na teoria das necessidades psicológicas básicas o objetivo deste trabalho é testar um modelo no qual a sequência é analisada: percepção do estilo controlador do treinador - a frustração das necessidades psicológicas básicas - desconforto nos jogadores. 433 jovens futebolistas do género masculino (M idade = 13,58 ± 0,56) responderam às variáveis de interesse. Os resultados do modelo de equações estruturais mostraram que a percepção do estilo controlador predizia positivamente a frustração das necessidades psicológicas básicas dos futebolistass, que por sua vez predizia positivamente o burnout, os efeitos negativos e os sintomas de desconforto físico e psicológico. Se encontraram efeitos indirectos significativos do estilo interpessoal controlador do treinador sobre os indicadores de desconforto através da frustração das necessidades psicológicas básicas. Os resultados nos obrigam a refletir sobre as consequências adversas que tem os ambientes controladores criados pelas figuras de autoridade em jovens futebolistas (AU)

The Spanish-Version of the Subjetive Vitality Scale: psychometric properties and evidence of validity

The Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS) assess the subjective experience of being full of energy and alive, a clinically relevant outcome measure of positive psychological well-being. The purpose of this paper was to translate the 7-item SVS into Spanish and examine its psychometric properties. In Study 1 (n = 790 adolescents) and Study 2 (n = 130 athletes) reliability and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were carried out. In Study 1 and Study 3 (n = 197 dancers) evidence of validity of inferences based on SVS scores estimating relationships with other variables (life satisfaction, global self-esteem and emotional and physical exhaustion) was obtained. In Study 2 invariance across time was tested. Finally in Study 3, the factorial structure was cross-validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results of EFA showed a one-factor solution. CFA also supported a unidimensional factor structure for the Spanish 6-item SVS (RMSEA = .050 (90% CI = .00, .080); NNFI = .993; CFI = .996). Reliability analysis indicated a strong internal consistency in all study samples (α ranged from .82 to .89). Further, results from multi-sample analysis supported the replicability of SVS factor structure across time. Finally, the SVS scores showed the expected correlations patterns (all them significant, p < .01) with the measured outcomes. In conclusion, the Spanish version of the SVS demonstrated adequate psychometric properties, indicating that the scale can be confidently used to measure the experience of possessing energy and aliveness; furthermore, differences across time can be meaningfully carried out (AU)

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"Ellas a estudiar y bailar, ellos a hacer deporte": Un estudio de las actividades extraescolares de los adolescentes mediante los presupuestos de tiempo / "Elas estudam e dançam, eles praticam desportos": um estudo das atividades extracurriculares dos adolescentes por meio de orçamentos de tempo / "Girls, study and dance; boys, play sports": A study of the extracurricular activities of adolescents through time budgets

Los estudios sobre actividades extraescolares en la adolescencia muestran que el tiempo no escolar puede utilizarse para mejorar el rendimiento académico y el desarrollo de la persona, pero también es posible emplearlo en conductas de riesgo o adicciones. Estos matices diferenciales pueden analizarse mediante un presupuesto de tiempo (PT), que además de registrar las actividades practicadas, incorpora la diversidad de las mismas dentro del repertorio del adolescente, la distribución y la cantidad de tiempo destinado en distintos días y las personas que les acompañan en cada práctica. Con base en esta sensibilidad, nuestro objetivo fue conocer los usos del tiempo al salir de la escuela, atendiendo a las relaciones interpersonales y los patrones de repetición en las actividades extraescolares. Participaron 103 adolescentes (43 chicas, 60 chicos), entre 11 y 18 años (M = 14.1; DT = 2.0). Se utilizó un PT ad hoc, registrándose durante una semana las actividades -físico-deportivas, de formación o artísticas-, realizadas fuera del horario escolar, especificando con quién se realizaba cada actividad. Los resultados obtenidos muestran escasa multiactividad, diferencias entre chicas y chicos respecto a la realización de actividades, momentos y tiempos de prácticas; ciertos patrones de frecuencia temporal de práctica; diferencias en términos de horas de dedicación según actividad o género, y predominio de la presencia de los pares. Los datos recogidos muestran la utilidad de los PT para orientar estrategias de intervención dirigidas a potenciar o mejorar las jornadas extraescolares, y así incidir positivamente sobre los tiempos escolares y no escolares (AU)

Studies of extracurricular activities in adolescence show that nonschool time can be used to improve academic performance and personal development, but it is also possible to use it in risky behaviors or addictions. These distinguishing nuances can be analyzed by a time budget (TB), which records the activities accomplished, also incorporating the diversity of activities within the whole repertoire of the teenager, as well as the distribution and amount of time spent on different days and people who accompany each practice. Drawing on this, our goal was to understand the uses of time once leaving the school, taking into account interpersonal relationships and patterns of recurrence in extracurricular activities. Participants were 103 adolescents (43 girls, 60 boys), aged 11 to 18 years (M = 14.1, SD = 2.0). An ad hoc TB was used during one week, registering the out-of-school-time activities - related to sport, education or art -, specifying who accomplished each activity with any participant. Results show little multiactivity, differences between girls and boys regarding the activities, moments and times of practices; certain patterns of temporal frequency of practice; differences in terms of hours devoted according to activity or gender, and the regular presence of peers. The data collected show the usefulness of the TB to guide intervention strategies to enhance or improve extracurricular activities sessions, thus having a positive impact on school and out-of-school time (AU)

Estudos de atividades extracurriculares na adolescência mostram que o tempo não-escolar pode ser usado para melhorar o desempenho acadêmico e desenvolvimento pessoal, mas também é possível usá-lo em comportamentos de risco ou vícios. Essas nuances que distinguem-se podem ser analisados por um time budget (TB): além da coleta das atividades desenvolvidas, o TB incorpora a diversidade do das atividades dentro do repertório do adolescente, a distribuição e quantidade de tempo gasto em dias diferentes e as pessoas que acompanhar cada prática. Com base nessa sensibilidade, nosso objetivo foi compreender os usos do tempo depois de sair da escola, com base em relações interpessoais e padrões de recidiva em atividades extracurriculares. Participaram 103 adolescentes (43 meninas, 60 meninos), com idade entre 11 a 18 anos (M = 14.1, SD = 2.0). Um TB ad hoc foi utilizado, coletando por uma semana as atividades —físico- -esportivas, formação ou artística—realizadas fora do horário escolar, especificando as pessoas que acompanham a realização de cada atividade. Os resultados mostram pouca pluriatividade, diferenças entre meninas e meninos em relação à realização de atividades, momentos e tempos de práticas; certos padrões de frequência temporal da prática; diferenças em termos de horas de dedicação como atividade ou gênero, e predominância da presença dos amigos. Os dados coletados mostram a utilidade do TB para orientar as estratégias de intervenção para aumentar ou melhorar sessões extracurriculares, e, assim, ter um impacto positivo nos tempos escolares e não-escolares (AU)

Young Athletes' Perceptions of Coach Behaviors and Their Implications on Their Well- and Ill-Being Over Time.

Grounded on basic psychological needs theory the purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to test the mediational role of basic psychological needs (satisfaction and thwarting), and (b) to test the model invariance over 2 consecutive seasons. Three hundred sixty young male athletes completed a questionnaire package tapping the variables of interest at 4 time points during 2 consecutive seasons. Results of the path analyses revealed that in both seasons, changes in perceived coach autonomy supportive style positively predicted changes in needs satisfaction which, in turn, positively predicted changes in self-esteem; changes in perceived coach autonomy supportive and controlling style negatively and positively, respectively, predicted changes in needs thwarting which, in turn, positively predicted changes in burnout and negatively in self-esteem. Only in the first season, changes in needs satisfaction emerged as a negative predictor of changes in burnout. The mediational role of basic psychological needs and the invariance of the aforementioned relationships over the 2 seasons were supported. Results emphasize the importance of having coaches promoting autonomy supportive atmospheres and avoiding controlling styles to facilitate athletes' well-being and to prevent their ill-being.

Los entrenadores como promotores de la cohesión del equipo / Coaches as promoters of team cohesion / Os treinadores como promotores da coesão de equipa

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue triple: 1) Estudiar las relaciones entre el clima motivacional percibido creado por el entrenador y la cohesión, 2) Poner a prueba un modelo con la siguiente secuencia: dimensiones del clima motivacional percibido -> motivación autodeterminada -> dimensiones de la cohesión, y 3) Estudiar el papel mediador de la motivación autodeterminada entre el clima motivacional percibido y la cohesión. Ochocientos nueve jóvenes jugadores de fútbol (798 chicos y 11 chicas; M = 11.49, DT = 1.16) completaron un paquete de cuestionarios en los que se evaluaban las variables de interés al principio de la temporada. Las correlaciones bivariadas informaron de relaciones positivas entre la percepción del clima de implicación en la tarea y ambas dimensiones de cohesión (tarea y social), mientras que el clima de implicación en el ego presentó correlaciones negativas con la cohesión de tarea. Los resultados del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales informaron que el clima-tarea se asoció positivamente con la motivación autodeterminada, mientras que el clima-ego lo hizo en sentido negativo. La motivación autodeterminada se relacionó de forma positiva tanto con la cohesión de tarea como con la cohesión social. Finalmente, la motivación autodeterminada actuó como mediador parcial entre el clima de implicación en la tarea y ambas dimensiones de la cohesión, y de mediador total entre el clima de implicación en el ego y la cohesión (tarea y social). Se enfatizan las implicaciones de las conductas de los entrenadores para la construcción de la cohesión en los equipos y para el desarrollo de la calidad de la motivación (AU)

The objective of this study was threefold: 1) To determine the links between the perceived coach-created motivational climate and cohesion, 2) To test a model with the following sequence: Dimensions of the perceived coach-created motivational climate ->self-determined motivation -> Dimensions of cohesion, and 3) To examine the meditational role of self-determined motivation in the relationship between perceived coach-created motivational climate and cohesion. Eight hundred and night young footballers (789 boys and 11 girls; M age = 11.49 ± 1.16) completed a package of questionnaires assessing the variables of interest at the beginning of the season. Bivariate correlations revealed positive relations between perceptions of a task-involving climate and both task and social cohesion, while perceived ego-involving climate was negatively related to task cohesion. Structural equation modeling revealed perceptions of a task involving climate and ego involving climate were positively and negatively, respectively, related to self-determined motivation. Self-determined motivation was positively related with both task cohesion and social cohesion. Finally, self-determined motivation partially mediated the relationships between perceptions of a task involving climate and both dimensions of cohesion (task and social). Total mediation, however, was supported in the case of perceived ego involving climate and task and social cohesion. The implications of coach behaviours for team cohesion building and players quality of motivation are emphasized (AU)

O objectivo do presente trabalho foi triplo: 1) Estudar as relações entre o clima motivacional percebido criado pelo treinador e a coesão, 2) Testar um modelo com a seguinte sequência: dimensões do clima motivacional percebido -> motivação autodeterminada -> dimensões da coesão, e 3) Estudar o papel mediador da motivação autodeterminada entre o clima motivacional percebido e a coesão. Participaram no estudo oitocentos e nove jovens jogadores de futebol (798 rapazes e 11 raparigas; M = 11.49, DP = 1.16) que preencheram uma bateria de questionários nos quais se avaliavam as variáveis de interesse no início da temporada. As correlações bivariadas revelam relações positivas entre a percepção de clima de implicação na tarefa e ambas as dimensões da coesão (tarefa e social), enquanto que o clima de implicação no ego apresentou correlações negativas com a coesão de tarefa. Os resultados dos modelos de equações estruturais revelam que o clima-tarefa se associou positivamente com a motivação autodeterminada, enquanto que o clima-ego se relacionou no sentido oposto. A motivação autodeterminada relacionou-se de forma positiva tanto com a coesão de tarefa como com a coesão social. Por último, a motivação autodeterminada actuou como mediador parcial entre o clima de implicação na tarefa e ambas as dimensões da coesão, e como mediador total entre o clima de implicação no ego e a coesão (tarefa e social). Enfatizam-se as implicações dos comportamentos dos treinadores para a construção da coesão nas equipas e para o desenvolvimento da qualidade da motivação (AU)

Apoyo a la autonomía, satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas y bienestar: Invarianza de un modelo estructural en futbolistas y bailarines / Perfis de rendimento de selecções ganhadoras e perdedoras no mundial de futebol da áfrica do sul 2010 / Autonomy support, psychological needs satisfaction and well-being: invariance of a structural model in soccer players and dancers

La teoría de las necesidades psicológicas básicas (Deci y Ryan, 2000) defiende que en los contextos sociales en los que se apoya la autonomía se promueve el bienestar a través de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas. En base a este marco teórico, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue triple: primero, poner a prueba un modelo en el que se analizaba la secuencia: percepción del apoyo a la autonomía ofrecido por el profesor/entrenador - satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas - bienestar; segundo, examinar el papel mediador de las necesidades, y tercero, estudiar la invarianza del modelo entre dos poblaciones. Participaron 197 bailarines (Medad = 18.65 ± 3.74) y 434 futbolistas (Medad = 13.90 ± 0.66) que respondieron a las variables de interés. Los resultados del SEM mostraron que la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía predecía positivamente la satisfacción de las necesidades de competencia, autonomía y relación de los bailarines y los futbolistas, lo que a su vez predecía positivamente su vitalidad subjetiva y sus afectos positivos; los análisis de la mediación mostraron que la satisfacción de las tres necesidades medió de forma total la relación entre la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía y ambos indicadores de bienestar. Finalmente, los análisis multi-grupo revelaron la invarianza de las relaciones hipotetizadas entre los bailarines y los futbolistas. Los resultados enfatizan la importancia de promover climas de apoyo a la autonomía para facilitar el bienestar de los jóvenes bailarines y futbolistas (AU)

Basic psychological needs theory (Deci and Ryan, 2000) holds that social contexts that are autonomy supportive promote well-being through satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Based on this theoretical framework, the aim of the present study was threefold: first, to test a model in which we analyse the sequence: perception of autonomy support provided by the teacher/coach - basic psychological needs satisfaction - well-being; second, to examine the mediational role of basic needs; and third, to study the invariance of the model between two populations. Participants were 197 dancers (Mage = 18.65 ± 3.73) and 434 soccer players (Mage = 13.90 ± 0.66) who completed the variables of interest. SEM results revealed that perceptions of autonomy support positively predicted dancers' and players' satisfaction of their needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness, which in turn positively predicted their subjective vitality and positive affects; mediational analyses showed that satisfaction of the three needs totally mediated the relationship between perceptions of autonomy support and both well-being indicators. Finally, multi-group analyses revealed the invariance of the hypothesized relations between dancers and soccer players. The results emphasize the importance of promoting autonomy supportive climates to facilitate young dancers' and soccer players' well-being

O objectivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prestação competitiva de equipas de futebol de alto rendimento, visando diferenciar o seu perfilde rendimento, adoptando como critério de agrupamento o resultado final dos jogos (equipas ganhadoras vs equipas perdedoras). Foi aplicada umaBateria Multidimensional de Indicadores de Rendimento(BMIR) composta por seis índices: Índice de Iniciativa de Jogo(IIJ), Índice de Progressão noJogo Ofensivo(IPROJO), Índice de Precisão no Jogo Ofensivo(IPREJO), Índice de Volume de Jogo(IVJ), Índice de Carga Física1(ICF1) e Índice deCarga Física2(ICF2). Foram analisados 64 jogos pertencentes ao Mundila de Futebol celebrado na África do Sul 2010. As análises estatísticas decomparações de médias entre ganhadores e perdedores permitiram concluir que as equipas ganhadoras apresentam valores estatisticamente mais elevadosem quatro dos seis índices de rendimento utilizados: IIJ (p< .001), IPROJO (p= .002), IPREJO (p= .028) e IVJ (p= .001). Contudo, não foram obtidasdiferenças estatisticamente significativas entre ambos os grupos nos índices ICF1 e ICF2 (p> .05). A BMIR pode ser uma ferramenta muito útil paratreinadores e investigadores no que concerne à avaliação do rendimento e da orientação de conteúdos do treino no futebol de alto rendimento