Natriuretic peptides: Another tool for the management of cancer?

The connection between heart failure (HF) and cancer through multiple pathways such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurohormonal activation, among others, is well established. As a consequence, increases in plasma levels of several biomarkers have been described in both disorders. The most consistent information is related to natriuretic peptides (NPs). Although they are known to be produced in the ventricles as a response to myocardial distension, and thus can be useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of HF, and also for the management of chemotherapy-induced myocardial damage, they are also produced by tumour cells. In this regard, increased plasma levels of NPs have been described in patients with multiple malignancies in the absence of volume overload. Natriuretic peptide levels have been shown to correlate directly with the extension of tumours and with poorer outcomes. Moreover, some data indicate that they may help in the detection of subclinical tumours. Given that these peptides have been described to have anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects, a plausible hypothesis is that they may be produced by tumours as a negative feed-back mechanism to avoid tumour progression. This would lead to increased levels of NPs in plasma that could be potentially useful for early detection of malignancies as well as for a prognostic assessment. Nevertheless, since the sample size of many studies published so far is limited, more data are needed to provide consistent data in order to confirm or rule out this hypothesis.

Cardiac Surgery Exposure in General Surgery Residency-A Survey of General Surgery Residency Program Directors.

BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding how much exposure general surgery residents have to cardiac surgery, despite cardiothoracic (CT) surgery being an offered postresidency fellowship and career. Exposure to a subspecialty is important in shaping residents' interests and career decisions. METHODS: A survey was sent to all general surgery program directors via the Association of Program Directors in Surgery examining cardiac surgery exposure during training. The survey examined the presence of operative rotations in cardiac surgery and cardiac critical care, portions of cases residents were permitted to perform, cardiac surgery mentorship and education, and perceived biases in applying to cardiac surgery. Differences between programs with and without cardiothoracic training programs were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 44% (102/230) of program directors responded to the survey. Residents were involved in operative cardiac and cardiac ICU rotations in 61 programs (69.8%) and 39 programs (38.2%), respectively. Twenty programs (19.6%) had a dedicated cardiothoracic surgery training program and these programs had significantly more graduates who aspired to be cardiac surgeons (M = 2.75, SD = 2.47) compared to hospitals with no CT programs (M = 1.43, SD = 1.41; p = 0.031). 35.3% of program directors reported resident concern over family life. CONCLUSIONS: There is a notable heterogeneity in general surgery resident exposure to cardiac surgery, cardiac ICU, and cardiac surgery mentorship. Increased exposure, mentorship and mitigating resident concern over the impact of social factors on cardiac surgical careers should be key areas of focus to ensure continued encouragement of future trainees and surgeons.

Cardiac surgical simulation program during general surgery residency increases resident physician exposure to cardiac surgery and technical expertise.

Objective: The changing surgical education landscape in surgical training pathways greatly diminished cardiac surgical knowledge, interest, and skills among general surgery trainees. To address this issue, our department developed a cardiac surgery simulation program. Methods: All simulation sessions lasted at least 2 hours and occurred during resident physician protected education time. Participants were postgraduate year 2 through 5 general surgery residents assisted by staff and led by cardiac surgery faculty. Five of the 6 sessions were porcine heart wet labs simulating coronary anastomoses, surgical aortic valve replacement, mitral valve repair and replacement, and left ventricular assist device implantation. The transcatheter aortic valve replacement session was designed as a video simulation and a manikin for wire manipulation and implantation. At the end of each lab, all participants were surveyed about their experiences. Results: An average of 10 resident physicians participated in each session (range, 8-13), for a total of 120 simulation hours. One hundred percent of residents surveyed agreed that the labs improved knowledge and understanding of the disease process, improved understanding of cardiac surgical principles, and helped acquire skills for surgical residency and treatment. Factors that residents cited for increased attendance rate included protected education time, hands-on experience, and a high faculty-to-resident ratio. Conclusions: This program successfully demonstrates that cardiac surgery training and simulation can be integrated into general surgery residency programs, despite the lack of cardiac surgery requirements. Additional metrics for future study includes technical grades on resident physicians' performance to further assess the value of this program.

Tissue-based coronary surgery simulation: medical student deliberate practice can achieve equivalency to senior surgery residents.

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to assess the impact of dedicated instruction and deliberate practice on fourth-year medical students' proficiency in performing a coronary anastomosis using a porcine heart model, compared with nonsimulator-trained senior general surgery residents. METHODS: Ten fourth-year medical students were trained to perform a coronary anastomosis using the porcine simulator. Students trained for 4 months using deliberate practice methodology and one-on-one instruction. At the end of the training, each student was filmed performing a complete anastomosis. Eleven senior general surgery residents were filmed performing an anastomosis after a single tutorial. All films were graded by 3 independent cardiac surgeons in a blinded fashion. The primary outcome was the median final score (range, 1-10) of a modified Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill scale. The secondary outcome was time to completion in seconds. Statistical analysis used both parametric (Student t test) and nonparametric (Wilcoxon rank-sum) methods. RESULTS: The median combined final score for medical students was 3 (interquartile range, 2.3-4.8), compared with 4 (interquartile range, 3.3-5.3) for residents (P = .102). The overall median individual final scores were 3 (interquartile range, 2-6) for grader 1, 3 (interquartile range, 2-5) for grader 2, and 4 (interquartile range, 3-5) for grader 3. For each individual grader, there was no difference in median final scores between medical students and residents. The mean time to completion was 792.7 seconds (95% confidence interval, 623.4-962) for medical students and 659 seconds (95% confidence interval, 599.1-719) for residents (P = .118). CONCLUSIONS: Dedicated instruction of fourth-year medical students with deliberate and distributed practice of microvascular techniques using a porcine end-to-side coronary artery anastomosis simulation model results in performance comparable to that of senior general surgery residents. These results suggest that focused tissue simulator training can compress the learning curve to acquire technical proficiency in comparison with real-time training.

Asistencia ventricular sistémica con dispositivo HeartMate 2como puente al trasplante en la transposición corregida de los grandes vasos / Systemic Ventricular Assistance Using a HeartMate 2 Device as Bridge to Transplant in a Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Vessels / Systemic ventricular assistance using a HeartMate 2 device as bridge to transplant in a congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels

Merced a los continuos progresos en el tratamiento médico y quirúrgico, el número de pacientes adultos portadores de cardiopatías congénitas se encuentra en incremento, quienes con el paso del tiempo desarrollan diversas complicaciones, entre ellas insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada, la cual puede requerir terapéuticas como el trasplante cardíaco y en ocasiones plantea la necesidad del implante de un dispositivo de asistencia circulatoria, ya sea como puente al trasplante o como tratamiento definitivo. En esta presentación se describe un caso que ilustra la problemática de la población portadora de cardiopatías congénitas en el adulto. Se trata de un paciente de sexo masculino, de 41 años, portador de transposición corregida de los grandes vasos que desarrolló insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada del ventrículo morfológicamente derecho, el cual sostiene la circulación sistémica. Ante reiteradas descompensaciones bajo tratamiento médico, incluido el uso domiciliario de inotrópicos, se procedió al implante de un dispositivo de asistencia circulatoria inicialmente planteado como puente al trasplante. Tras diversas complicaciones posoperatorias, el paciente fue derivado a una institución de rehabilitación a la espera del trasplante.(AU)

Due to continuous advances in medical and surgical treatment, the large number of adult patients with congenital heart diseases is increasing; with the passing of time, these conditions develop several complications including advanced heart failure, which may require therapeutic approaches such as cardiac transplant and, in certain cases, the implantation of a circulatory support device, both as a bridge to transplant or as a definitive treatment. This report describes a case that shows the problem of the adult population with congenital heart disease. We present a 41 year-old male patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels who developed advanced heart failure of the morphologically right ventricle, which supports the systemic circulation. Due to several decompensations under medical treatment, including the home use of inotropes, a circulatory support device was implanted as an early bridge to transplant. After several postoperative complications, the patient was transferred to a rehabilitation center to wait for transplantation.(AU)

Asistencia ventricular sistémica con dispositivo HeartMate 2como puente al trasplante en la transposición corregida de los grandes vasos / Systemic Ventricular Assistance Using a HeartMate 2 Device as Bridge to Transplant in a Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Vessels / Systemic ventricular assistance using a HeartMate 2 device as bridge to transplant in a congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels

Merced a los continuos progresos en el tratamiento médico y quirúrgico, el número de pacientes adultos portadores de cardiopatías congénitas se encuentra en incremento, quienes con el paso del tiempo desarrollan diversas complicaciones, entre ellas insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada, la cual puede requerir terapéuticas como el trasplante cardíaco y en ocasiones plantea la necesidad del implante de un dispositivo de asistencia circulatoria, ya sea como puente al trasplante o como tratamiento definitivo. En esta presentación se describe un caso que ilustra la problemática de la población portadora de cardiopatías congénitas en el adulto. Se trata de un paciente de sexo masculino, de 41 años, portador de transposición corregida de los grandes vasos que desarrolló insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada del ventrículo morfológicamente derecho, el cual sostiene la circulación sistémica. Ante reiteradas descompensaciones bajo tratamiento médico, incluido el uso domiciliario de inotrópicos, se procedió al implante de un dispositivo de asistencia circulatoria inicialmente planteado como puente al trasplante. Tras diversas complicaciones posoperatorias, el paciente fue derivado a una institución de rehabilitación a la espera del trasplante.

Due to continuous advances in medical and surgical treatment, the large number of adult patients with congenital heart diseases is increasing; with the passing of time, these conditions develop several complications including advanced heart failure, which may require therapeutic approaches such as cardiac transplant and, in certain cases, the implantation of a circulatory support device, both as a bridge to transplant or as a definitive treatment. This report describes a case that shows the problem of the adult population with congenital heart disease. We present a 41 year-old male patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels who developed advanced heart failure of the morphologically right ventricle, which supports the systemic circulation. Due to several decompensations under medical treatment, including the home use of inotropes, a circulatory support device was implanted as an early bridge to transplant. After several postoperative complications, the patient was transferred to a rehabilitation center to wait for transplantation.

Síndrome coronario agudo secundario a hipoplasia grave del tronco y de la arteria descendente anterior / Acute Coronary Syndrome Secondary to Hypoplastic Left Main and Left Descending Coronary Arteries / Acute Coronary Syndrome Secondary to Hypoplastic Left Main and Left Descending Coronary Arteries

Las anomalías coronarias congénitas representan una rara entidad que infrecuentemente resulta la etiología subyacente de un síndrome coronario agudo. En esta presentación se describe el caso de una paciente de 48 años portadora de una hipoplasia grave del tronco y de la arteria descendente anterior asociada con un infarto agudo de miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST y se evalúan sus diagnósticos diferenciales, así como la decisión terapéutica. La paciente fue intervenida quirúrgicamente, con una evolución inicial favorable.(AU)

Congenital coronary artery anomalies are a diverse group of congenital disorders and an uncommon cause of acute coronary syndrome. We describe the case of a 48-year old woman with severe hypoplasia of the left main and left anterior descending coronary arteries associated with non-STsegment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Differential diagnoses and treatment options are evaluated. The patient underwent surgery with favorable outcomes.(AU)

Síndrome coronario agudo secundario a hipoplasia grave del tronco y de la arteria descendente anterior / Acute Coronary Syndrome Secondary to Hypoplastic Left Main and Left Descending Coronary Arteries / Acute Coronary Syndrome Secondary to Hypoplastic Left Main and Left Descending Coronary Arteries

Las anomalías coronarias congénitas representan una rara entidad que infrecuentemente resulta la etiología subyacente de un síndrome coronario agudo. En esta presentación se describe el caso de una paciente de 48 años portadora de una hipoplasia grave del tronco y de la arteria descendente anterior asociada con un infarto agudo de miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST y se evalúan sus diagnósticos diferenciales, así como la decisión terapéutica. La paciente fue intervenida quirúrgicamente, con una evolución inicial favorable.

Congenital coronary artery anomalies are a diverse group of congenital disorders and an uncommon cause of acute coronary syndrome. We describe the case of a 48-year old woman with severe hypoplasia of the left main and left anterior descending coronary arteries associated with non-STsegment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Differential diagnoses and treatment options are evaluated. The patient underwent surgery with favorable outcomes.

Current status of hybrid coronary revascularization.

Hybrid coronary revascularization combines coronary artery bypass surgery with percutaneous coronary intervention techniques to treat coronary artery disease. The potential benefits of such a technique are to offer the patients the best available treatments for coronary artery disease while minimizing the risks of the surgery. Hybrid coronary revascularization has resulted in the establishment of new 'hybrid operating suites', which incorporate and integrate the capabilities of a cardiac surgery operating room with that of an interventional cardiology laboratory. Hybrid coronary revascularization has greatly augmented teamwork and cooperation between both fields and has demonstrated encouraging as well as good initial outcomes.

Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery expands the surgical options for high-risks patients.

BACKGROUND: A simplified minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIMVS) approach avoiding cross-clamping and cardioplegic myocardial arrest using a small (5 cm) right antero-lateral incision was developed. We hypothesized that, in high-risk patients and in patients with prior sternotomy, this approach would yield superior results compared to those predicted by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) algorithm for standard median sternotomy mitral valve surgery. METHODS: Five hundred and four consecutive patients (249 males/255 females), median age 65 years (range 20-92 years) underwent MIMVS between 1/06 and 8/09. Median preoperative New York Heart Association function class was 3 (range 1-4). Eighty-two (16%) patients had an ejection fraction ≤35%. Forty-seven (9%) had a STS predicted mortality ≥10%. Under cold fibrillatory arrest (median temperature 28°C) without aortic cross-clamp, mitral valve repair (224/504, 44%) or replacement (280/504, 56%) was performed. RESULTS: Thirty-day mortality for the entire cohort was 2.2% (11/504). In patients with a STS predicted mortality ≥ 10% (range 10%-67%), the observed 30-day mortality was 4% (2/47), lower than the mean STS predicted mortality of 20%. Morbidity in this high-risk group was equally low: 1 of 47 (2%) patients underwent reexploration for bleeding, 1 of 47 (2%) patients suffered a permanent neurologic deficit, none had wound infection. The median length of stay was 8 days (range 1-68 days). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that MIMVS without aortic cross-clamp is reproducible with low mortality and morbidity rates. This approach expands the surgical options for high-risk patients and yields to superior results than the conventional median sternotomy approach.

Aneurisma del seno de Valsalva con obstrucción del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho / Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm with Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

Los aneurismas del seno de Valsalva representan una patología infrecuente, congénita o adquirida, que puede permanecer asintomática por largo tiempo, o presentarse con complicaciones, principalmente por su rotura y la consiguiente generación de una comunicación anormal entre la aorta y otra cavidad o, más raramente, por su extensión, que lleva a la compresión o a la invasión de estructuras vecinas. En esta presentación se describe un caso de aneurisma del seno de Valsalva derecho con desarrollo de obstrucción del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho.

The aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva are rare and can be either congenital or acquired. They may not produce symptoms or present with complications which are often related to aneurysm rupture producing a communication between the aorta and a cardiac chamber or, rarely, to mass effect on adjacent cardiac structures. We describe the case of a right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm producing right ventricular outflow tract obstruction.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento quirúrgico del origen anómalo de las arterias coronarias / Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of the Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries / Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of the Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries

Introducción El origen anómalo de las arterias coronarias representa una entidad poco frecuente, cuya mayor importancia radica en que se trata de una causa potencialmente prevenible de muerte súbita. Si bien existen controversias respecto de la indicación de tratamiento en general y de cirugía (u otro método de revascularización) en particular, el desarrollo observado en técnicas diagnósticas no invasivas permite un diagnóstico más frecuente y apropiado, lo que nos enfrenta en forma creciente con este tipo de pacientes. Objetivo Analizar una población de pacientes portadores de origen anómalo coronario a través de la evaluación de la metodología diagnóstica y el tratamiento quirúrgico. Material y métodos Se evaluaron retrospectivamente pacientes intervenidos entre 2004 y 2010. Se consideraron las características clínicas, la sintomatología, los métodos complementarios, la indicación quirúrgica y las técnicas empleadas. Resultados Se estudiaron 23 pacientes (17 hombres y 6 mujeres) de entre 18 y 32 años por sintomatología ante esfuerzos, angina en 12 pacientes (52,2%), dolor torácico en 4 casos (17,4%), síncope en 4 (17,4%) y disnea en 3 pacientes (13%). Los electrocardiogramas fueron normales en todos, mientras que la prueba de esfuerzo resultó positiva en 10 casos (43,5%). En todos los pacientes se efectuó un ecocardiograma, que demostró el origen anómalo en 16 (69,5%) e identificó el trayecto proximal en 12 (52,2%). La angiotomografía coronaria efectuó o confirmó el diagnóstico en los 23 pacientes, lo que permitió caracterizar un trayecto intraarterial en los 21 casos con origen desde el seno contralateral. La técnica quirúrgica consistió en el reimplante coronario en 7 casos, en puente (bypass) en 3 y en resección parietal o unroofing en 13 casos. No hubo mortalidad posoperatoria. Conclusiones La anomalía más frecuente involucró el origen de la coronaria izquierda. El valor diagnóstico de la electrocardiografía fue bajo. La angiotomografia coronaria resultó diagnóstica en todos los casos, lo que permitió caracterizar el trayecto proximal. El unroofing fue la técnica quirúrgica más empleada.

Background Anomalous origin of the coronary arteries is an uncommon congenital heart disease, yet it is important as a potentially preventable cause of sudden death. Treatment of this condition, in particular surgery (or other revascularization procedures), is controversial; however, the development of non-invasive diagnostic techniques allows to make the proper diagnosis more frequently. For this reason, the number of patients diagnosed with this defect in increasing. Objective To analyze a population of patients with anomalous origin of the coronary arteries through the evaluation of diagnostic methods and surgical treatment. Material and Methods Patients undergoing surgery between 2004 and 2010 were retrospectively evaluated. We analyzed the clinical features, symptoms, complementary tests, indication of surgery and techniques used. Results A total of 23 patients (17 men and 6 women) between 18 and 32 years were evaluated due to exertional symptoms: angina (n=12; 52.2%); chest pain (n=4; 17.4%); syncope (n=4; 17.4%), and dyspnea (n=3; 13%). All electrocardiograms were normal, while exercise stress test had positive results in 10 cases. All patients underwent echocardiographic evaluation; the anomalous origin was detected in 16 patients (69.5%) and the proximal course was identified in 12 (52.2%). The diagnosis was made or confirmed by computed tomography angiography in the 23 patients; the method identified an interarterial course arising from the contralateral sinus. Surgical techniques were reimplantation of the coronary artery in 7 cases, coronary artery bypass grafting in 3 and unroofing the coronary sinus in 13 cases. No deaths were reported. Conclusions The defect is more common in the origin of left coronary artery. The diagnostic value of electrocardiogram was low. The diagnosis was made by computed tomography angiography which identified the proximal course. Unroofing was the surgical technique most commonly used.

Detrimental effects of mechanical stretch on smooth muscle function in saphenous veins.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the smooth muscle functional response and viability of human saphenous vein (HSV) grafts after harvest and explored the effect of mechanical stretch on contractile responses of porcine saphenous vein (PSV). METHODS: The contractile responses (stress, 10(5) N/m(2)) of deidentified, remnant HSV grafts to depolarizing potassium chloride and the agonist norepinephrine were measured in a muscle organ bath. Cellular viability was evaluated using a methyl thiazole tetrazolium (MTT) assay. A PSV model was used to evaluate the effect of radial, longitudinal, and angular stretch on smooth muscle contractile responses. RESULTS: Contractile responses varied greatly in HSV harvested for autologous vascular and coronary bypass procedures (0.04198 ± 0.008128 × 10(5) N/m(2) to 0.1192 ± 0.02776 × 10(5) N/m(2)). Contractility of the HSV correlated with the cellular viability of the grafts. In the PSV model, manual radial distension of ≥ 300 mm Hg had no impact on the smooth muscle responses of PSV to potassium chloride. Longitudinal and angular stretch significantly decreased the contractile function of PSV by 33.16% and 15.26%, respectively (P < .03). CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variability in HSV harvested for use as an autologous conduit. Longitudinal and angular stretching during surgical harvest impairs contractile responsiveness of the smooth muscle in saphenous vein. Avoiding stretch-induced injuries to the conduits during harvest and preparation for implantation may reduce adverse biologic responses in the graft (eg, intimal hyperplasia) and improve patency of autologous vein graft bypasses.

Minimally invasive right lateral thoracotomy without aortic cross-clamping: an attractive alternative to repeat sternotomy for reoperative mitral valve surgery.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aim was to determine the safety and benefits of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery without aortic cross-clamping for mitral valve surgery after previous cardiac surgery. METHODS: Between January 2006 and August 2008, a total of 90 consecutive patients (38 females, 52 males; mean age 66 +/- 9 years) underwent minimally invasive mitral valve surgery after having undergone previous cardiac surgery. Of these patients, 80 (89%) underwent mitral valve replacement and 10 (11%) mitral valve repair utilizing a small (5 cm) right lateral thoracotomy along the 4th or 5th intercostal space under fibrillatory arrest (mean temperature 28 +/- 2 degrees C). The predicted mortality, calculated using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) algorithm, was compared to the observed mortality. RESULTS: The mean ejection fraction was 45 +/- 13%, mean NYHA class 3 +/- 1, while 66 patients (73%) had previous coronary artery bypass grafting and 37 (41%) had previous valve surgery. Twenty-six patients (29%) underwent non-elective surgery. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted through axillary (n = 19), femoral (n = 70) or direct use aortic (n = 1) cannulation. Operative mortality was 2% (2/90), lower than the STS-predicted mortality of 7%. Three patients (3%) developed acute renal failure postoperatively, one patient (1%) required new-onset hemodialysis, and one (1%) developed postoperative stroke. No patients developed postoperative myocardial infarction. The mean postoperative packed red blood cell transfusion requirement at 48 h was 2 +/- 3 units. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive right thoracotomy without aortic cross-clamping is an excellent alternative to conventional redo-sternotomy for reoperative mitral valve surgery. The present study confirmed that this technique is safe and effective in reducing operative mortality in high-risk patients undergoing reoperative cardiac surgery.