Discovery of a small molecule that inhibits Bcl-3-mediated cyclin D1 expression in melanoma cells.

Molecular targeted therapy using a drug that suppresses the growth and spread of cancer cells via inhibition of a specific protein is a foundation of precision medicine and treatment. High expression of the proto-oncogene Bcl-3 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells originating from tissues such as the colon, prostate, breast, and skin. The development of novel drugs targeting Bcl-3 alone or in combination with other therapies can cure these patients or prolong their survival. As a proof of concept, in the present study, we focused on metastatic melanoma as a model system. High-throughput screening and in vitro experiments identified BCL3ANT as a lead molecule that could interfere with Bcl-3-mediated cyclin D1 expression and cell proliferation and migration in melanoma. In experimental animal models of melanoma, it was demonstrated that the use of a Bcl-3 inhibitor can influence the survival of melanoma cells. Since there are no other inhibitors against Bcl-3 in the clinical pipeline for cancer treatment, this presents a unique opportunity to develop a highly specific drug against malignant melanoma to meet an urgent clinical need.

Investigation of calcium-dependent activity and conformational dynamics of zebra fish 12-lipoxygenase.

BACKGROUND: A 12-lipoxygenase in zebra fish (zf12-LOX) was found to be required for normal embryonic development and LOXs are of great interest for targeted drug designing. In this study, we investigate the structural-functional aspects of zf12-LOX in response to calcium. METHODS: A soluble version of zf12-LOX was created by mutagenesis. Based on multiple sequence alignment, we mutated the putative calcium-responsive amino acids in N-PLAT domain of soluble zf12-LOX. Using a series of biophysical methods, we ascertained the oligomeric state, stability, structural integrity and conformational changes of zf12-LOX in response to calcium. We also compared the biophysical properties of soluble zf12-LOX with the mutant in the absence and presence of calcium. RESULTS: Here we provide a detailed characterization of soluble zf12-LOX and the mutant. Both proteins exist as compact monomers in solution, however the enzyme activity of soluble zf12-LOX is significantly increased in presence of calcium. We find that the stimulatory effect of calcium on zf12-LOX is related to a change in protein structure as observed by SAXS, adopting an open-state. In contrast, enzyme with a mutated calcium regulatory site has reduced activity-response to calcium and restricted large re-modeling, suggesting that it retains a closed-state in response to calcium. Taken together, our study suggests that Ca2+-dependent regulation is associated with different domain conformation(s) that might change the accessibility to substrate-binding site in response to calcium. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The study can be broadly implicated in better understanding the mode(s) of action of LOXs, and the enzymes regulated by calcium in general.

Kinetic investigation of human 5-lipoxygenase with arachidonic acid.

Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is responsible for the formation of leukotriene (LT)A4, a pivotal intermediate in the biosynthesis of the leukotrienes, a family of proinflammatory lipid mediators. 5-LOX has thus gained attention as a potential drug target. However, details of the kinetic mechanism of 5-LOX are still obscure. In this Letter, we investigated the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 5-LOX with its physiological substrate, arachidonic acid (AA). The observed KIE is 20±4 on kcat and 17±2 on kcat/KM at 25°C indicating a non-classical reaction mechanism. The observed rates show slight temperature dependence at ambient temperatures ranging from 4 to 35°C. Also, we observed low Arrhenius prefactor ratio (AH/AD=0.21) and a small change in activation energy (Ea(D)-Ea(H)=3.6J/mol) which suggests that 5-LOX catalysis involves tunneling as a mechanism of H-transfer. The measured KIE for 5-LOX involves a change in regioselectivity in response to deuteration at position C7, resulting in H-abstraction form C10 and formation of 8-HETE. The viscosity experiments influence the (H)kcat, but not (D)kcat. However the overall kcat/KM is not affected for labeled or unlabeled AA, suggesting that either the product release or conformational rearrangement might be involved in dictating kinetics of 5-LOX at saturating conditions. Investigation of available crystal structures suggests the role of active site residues (F421, Q363 and L368) in regulating the donor-acceptor distances, thus affecting H-transfer as well as regiospecificity. In summary, our study shows that that the H-abstraction is the rate limiting step for 5-LOX and that the observed KIE of 5-LOX is masked by a change in regioselectivity.

A dynamic Asp-Arg interaction is essential for catalysis in microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase.

Microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase type 1 (mPGES-1) is responsible for the formation of the potent lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 under proinflammatory conditions, and this enzyme has received considerable attention as a drug target. Recently, a high-resolution crystal structure of human mPGES-1 was presented, with Ser-127 being proposed as the hydrogen-bond donor stabilizing thiolate anion formation within the cofactor, glutathione (GSH). We have combined site-directed mutagenesis and activity assays with a structural dynamics analysis to probe the functional roles of such putative catalytic residues. We found that Ser-127 is not required for activity, whereas an interaction between Arg-126 and Asp-49 is essential for catalysis. We postulate that both residues, in addition to a crystallographic water, serve critical roles within the enzymatic mechanism. After characterizing the size or charge conservative mutations Arg-126-Gln, Asp-49-Asn, and Arg-126-Lys, we inferred that a crystallographic water acts as a general base during GSH thiolate formation, stabilized by interaction with Arg-126, which is itself modulated by its respective interaction with Asp-49. We subsequently found hidden conformational ensembles within the crystal structure that correlate well with our biochemical data. The resulting contact signaling network connects Asp-49 to distal residues involved in GSH binding and is ligand dependent. Our work has broad implications for development of efficient mPGES-1 inhibitors, potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.

Early inflammatory response to the saponin adjuvant Matrix-M in the pig.

The early inflammatory response to Matrix-M was evaluated in pigs. Adverse reactions measured as body temperature, appetite, activity level and reaction at the site of injection were not observed after s.c. injection with three doses of the adjuvant (75, 100 or 150µg) into one week old piglets. Analyses of the immediate cytokine response of PBMC after in vitro exposure to Matrix-M (AbISCO-100(®)) revealed only a low expression of mRNA for tumour necrosis factor-α (p<0.05) after 6h incubation. Histological examination revealed an infiltration of leukocytes, haemorrhage and necrosis in muscle 24h after i.m. injection of 150µg Matrix-M in pigs aged eleven weeks. At this time, different grades of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia were recorded in the draining lymph node that was enlarged in three of these six pigs injected with Matrix-M. The global transcriptional response at the site of injection and in the draining lymph node was analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip Porcine Genome Array. A significant enrichment of gene signatures for the cell types described as "myeloid cells" and "plasmacytoid dendritic cells" was observed at the site of injection in Matrix-M injected pigs compared with pigs injected with saline. A number of genes encoding cytokines/chemokines or their receptors were upregulated at the injection site as well as in the draining lymph node. In the draining lymph node, a majority of the upregulated genes were interferon-regulated genes (IRGs). The expression of IFN-ß, but not IFN-α, was increased in the draining lymph nodes of a majority of the pigs exposed to Matrix-M. These IFN-ß expressing pigs also expressed increased levels of osteopontin (OPN) or stimulator of interferon genes (STING), two factors known to facilitate the expression of type I IFNs in response to viral infection. Thus, Matrix-M does not appear to induce any harmful inflammatory response in piglets whilst contributing to the innate immunity by activating the type I IFN system, possibly through several alternative signalling pathways.