2nd and 3rd generation full endoscopic lumbar spine surgery: clinical safety and learning curve.

AIM: 2nd and 3rd generation endoscopic spine surgery techniques offer visualisation of familiar inter-laminar anatomy to spinal surgeons. We have prospectively evaluated the clinical outcome, complications and learning curve associated with these techniques in patients with lumbar spine radiculopathy. METHODS: This is a prospective study of 50 consecutive patients with radicular pain from disc herniation and/or lateral recess stenosis. In 6 patients, endoscopy couldn't be done. Operating times, PROM's (VAS, ODI and EQ-5D scores) and complication rates of 44 patients were evaluated after mean FU of 52 months (range 39-65). MRI was used to divide these into protrusions (n = 19), extrusions (n = 17) and lateral recess stenosis (n = 8). Evidence about the learning curve was gathered by curvilinear regression analyses. RESULTS: Using a composite clinical success criterion, 95% patients had a successful outcome, with no major complications. ODI, VAS and EQ-5D scores had a statistically significant improvement and achieved MCID. Revision discectomy rate was only 4.5% (n = 2). MRI based grouping, case sequence and degree of difficulty influenced the duration of surgery and a learning curve was found for protrusions and lateral recess decompressions, but not for extrusions. A learning curve effect was also observed with respect to the ODI. CONCLUSIONS: Although anatomy visualised in 2nd and 3rd generation endoscopy is familiar to spinal surgeons, our learning curve experience suggests a careful and MRI pathology based take up of this technique in clinical practice, despite its clinical safety in our series. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3, prospective cohort study.

Intrathecal morphine in combination with bupivacaine as pre-emptive analgesia in posterior lumbar fusion surgery: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intrathecal morphine (ITM) in combination with bupivacaine as pre-emptive analgesia in patients undergoing posterior lumbar fusion surgery. This is in comparison with traditional opioid analgesics such as intravenous (IV) morphine. METHODS: Two groups were identified retrospectively. The first (ITM group) included patients who had general anaesthesia (GA) with low-dose spinal anaesthesia prior to induction using 1-4 mls of 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.2 mg ITM. 1 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine was administered per hour of predicted surgery time, up to a maximum of 4 ml. The insertion level for the spinal anaesthetic corresponded to the spinal level of the iliac crest line and the level at which the spinal cord terminated. The control group had GA without any spinal anaesthesia. Patients were instead administered opioid analgesia in the form of IV morphine or diamorphine. The primary outcome was the consumption of opioids administered intraoperatively and in recovery, and over the first 48 h following discharge from the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU). Total opioid dose was measured, and a morphine equivalent dose was calculated. Secondary outcomes included visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores in recovery and at day two postoperatively, and the length of stay in hospital. RESULTS: For the ITM group, the median total amount of IV morphine equivalent administered intraoperatively and in recovery, was 0 mg versus 17 mg. The median total amount morphine equivalent, administered over the first 48 h following discharge from PACU was 20 mg versus 80 mg. Both are in comparison with the control group. The median length of stay was over 1 day less and the median VAS for pain in recovery was 6 points lower. No evidence was found for a difference in the worst VAS for pain at day two postoperatively. CONCLUSION: ITM in combination with bupivacaine results in a significantly decreased use of perioperative opioids. In addition, length of hospital stay is reduced and so too is patient perceived pain intensity. Trial registration The study was approved by the ethics committee at The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital as a service improvement project (Approval no. 1617_004).

Spinal cord injury-The role of surgical treatment for neurological improvement.

Acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) is common and no consensuses have been reached regarding timing of surgical decompression. This article highlights the main issues regarding surgical management of ASCI patients. The importance of timing of surgery along with physiological stability of the cord, and indications for surgery has been discussed to facilitate better understanding of the condition. The importance of the type of injury to the spinal column, besides the cord injury, is also discussed. A brief review of relevant literature has been done to try and answer the question whether early or late surgical treatment for ASCI is better than conservative management, reflecting the ethos of treatment for these problems in Robert Jones And Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital in Oswestry.

Early mobilisation of thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurology: a natural history observation.

AIMS: The authors present the results of a cohort study of 60 adult patients presenting sequentially over a period of 15 years from 1997 to 2012 to our hospital for treatment of thoracic and/or lumbar vertebral burst fractures, but without neurological deficit. METHOD: All patients were treated by early mobilisation within the limits of pain, early bracing for patient confidence and all progress in mobilisation was recorded on video. Initial hospital stay was one week. Subsequent reviews were made on an outpatient basis. RESULTS: The mean duration from admission to final follow-up was three months, and longer follow-up was undertaken telephonically. The mean kyphosis deformity on arrival was 17.4° (5° to 29°); mean kyphosis at final discharge three months later was 19.5° (1° to 28°). Spinal canal encroachment had no influence on successful functional recovery. DISCUSSION: Pain has not been a significant problem for any patient, irrespective of the degree of kyphosis and no patient has a self-perception of clinical deformity. In all, 11 patients took occasional analgesia. All patients returned to their original work level or better. Two patients died 2.5 years after treatment, from unrelated causes. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: The natural history of thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurology would appear to be benign.

The Oswestry Risk Index: an aid in the treatment of metastatic disease of the spine.

The revised Tokuhashi, Tomita and modified Bauer scores are commonly used to make difficult decisions in the management of patients presenting with spinal metastases. A prospective cohort study of 199 consecutive patients presenting with spinal metastases, treated with either surgery and/or radiotherapy, was used to compare the three systems. Cox regression, Nagelkerke's R(2) and Harrell's concordance were used to compare the systems and find their best predictive items. The three systems were equally good in terms of overall prognostic performance. Their most predictive items were used to develop the Oswestry Spinal Risk Index (OSRI), which has a similar concordance, but a larger coefficient of determination than any of these three scores. A bootstrap procedure was used to internally validate this score and determine its prediction optimism. The OSRI is a simple summation of two elements: primary tumour pathology (PTP) and general condition (GC): OSRI = PTP + (2 - GC). This simple score can predict life expectancy accurately in patients presenting with spinal metastases. It will be helpful in making difficult clinical decisions without the delay of extensive investigations.

Destructive discovertebral degenerative disease of the lumbar spine.

The uncommon variant of degenerative hip joint disease, termed rapidly progressive osteoarthritis, and highlighted by severe joint space loss and osteochondral disintegration, is well established. We present a similar unusual subset in the lumbar spine termed destructive discovertebral degenerative disease (DDDD) with radiological features of vertebral malalignment, severe disc resorption, and "bone sand" formation secondary to vertebral fragmentation. Co-existing metabolic bone disease is likely to promote the development of DDDD of the lumbar spine, which presents with back pain and sciatica due to nerve root compression by the "bone sand" in the epidural space. MRI and CT play a complimentary role in making the diagnosis.

Effects of knee compartment, concomitant surgery and smoking on medium-term outcome of microfracture.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of compartment location, concomitant arthroscopic surgery and smoking on the medium-term outcome of knee microfracture. METHODS: From a database of all 396 patients treated with microfracture for cartilage lesions in our Unit, details were taken of the 316 patients who met our inclusion criteria. Outcome was assessed by a self-administered postal questionnaire containing a general satisfaction question and a battery of four functional assessment scores. The rank sum of the four assessment scores was used as a single global functional outcome. RESULTS: After two rounds of questionnaires 196 patients responded. Their average follow up was 37 months. In all, 72% of the patients were satisfied with their outcome and 19% were not. Patients with an affected lateral or patellofemoral compartment improved 1.5 SD, significantly more than those with an affected medial compartment who improved 1 SD. However, their satisfaction rates did not differ significantly. Having concomitant knee surgery did not significantly affect the functional outcome or satisfaction rate. Significantly fewer smokers than non-smokers were satisfied (54 vs 76%) and more dissatisfied (34 vs 15%), but differences in functional outcome were small and non-significant. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a lesion in the patellofemoral or lateral compartment have a significantly larger improvement than those with a medial compartment lesion. Satisfaction rates among these patients groups are however similar. Having concomitant arthroscopic knee surgery, in particular partial meniscectomies and ACL reconstruction, hardly affects the outcome of microfracture. Smoking is associated with a lower satisfaction rate although it has only a small effect on functional outcome. Finally, younger patients fare better than older patients although a cut-off point is hard to define. This information should help surgeons counsel patients better regarding prognosis and expectations after surgery.

Response shift in self-reported functional scores after knee microfracture for full thickness cartilage lesions.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine whether response shift (RS), a change in the internal standards of a patient, occurs in patients treated for full thickness knee cartilage defects. We have also evaluated the effect of functional scores on patient satisfaction after surgery. DESIGN: Self-administered questionnaires were used to evaluate pre- and post-operative and retrospective post-operative scores of 53 patients following knee microfracture. Patient satisfaction, Lysholm, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain and modified International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were evaluated. RS (pre-test-then-test), unadjusted and adjusted treatment effects (UTE and ATE) and their effect sizes were calculated. RESULTS: All four functional outcome measures had a positive RS. The effect size of the RS ranged from around 0.35 for the Lysholm and IKDC2 score to over 0.9 for the VAS pain score. Gender, age, smoking status and time since follow-up did not significantly affect the RS. RS did not differ significantly between the three patient satisfaction groups (P>0.05). Post-operative Lysholm and IKDC1 scores differed most significantly between the satisfaction groups. CONCLUSIONS: All four scores had a significant shift, implying that patients thought they felt worse before the operation in retrospect than they did at the time. The traditional way of assessing treatment effect, difference between post-intervention and pre-intervention functional scores, may be confounded by change in the internal standards of the patient and should take this into account. RS did not affect the clinical interpretation in this case series. Patient-reported satisfaction after surgery is only related to post-operative scores.