ABSTRACT
The pandemic of Covid-19, an epidemic outbreak created many challenges and increased the demand for medical equipments, medicines, and related accessories and most of them had to be imported from abroad. The advanced information technology (Industry 4.0) was considered imperative to track and monitor the spread of the SARS-2 Virus that is Covid-19. A detailed review of literature is done to understand the challenges and the remedial action taken so far during the Covid-19 epidemic outbreak had been gone through using appropriate search engines and databases like Google-search, Science Direct, Scopus, Research Gate, and relevant blogs. The case reports were also considered in this study. We have found ten significant challenges (barriers) and identified several useful technology of industry 4.0 to control and manage the Covid-19 pandemic. This research paper is an attempt to examine and discuss the application of 4.0 technologies in containing the pandemic outbreak. Ten challenges were identified and those could be overcome by promptly applying appropriate technologies of industry 4.0 to control the spread of virus. These technologies help to educate and communicate the public and make them aware of the hazardous attack of Covid-19 virus when properly used.
ABSTRACT
Aroclor 1254 is the commercial mixture of highly toxic environmental pollutant, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Being immensely durable, it is extensively used and widely distributed. Studies show that Aroclor 1254 causes a variety of adverse health effects through free radical generation. The present investigation was designed to check the effect of Aroclor 1254 on the glucose transporter protein, GLUT4, which plays a key role in glucose homeostasis. The protective role of lycopene against the adverse effect of Aroclor 1254 was also tested. Group 1 rats received corn oil as vehicle and served as control. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were administered with Aroclor 1254 [2 mg kg(-1) body weight (b.w.) day(-1)] intraperitoneally for 30 days. Groups 3 and 4 received lycopene (2 and 4 mg kg(-1) b.w. day(-1), respectively) orally in addition to Aroclor 1254. After 30 days, animals were euthanized and the skeletal muscles were dissected to determine the following parameters: GLUT4 messenger RNA (mRNA), GLUT4 protein (both plasma membrane and cytosolic fractions), and (14)C-2-deoxyglucose uptake. Though there was no change in GLUT4 mRNA and fasting plasma glucose levels, Aroclor 1254 significantly decreased the GLUT4 protein level in both the subcellular fractions of the gracilis and triceps muscles. Most important, (14)C-2-deoxyglucose uptake showed a significant decrease in Aroclor 1254 alone treated rats, and Aroclor 1254 plus 4 mg lycopene supplementation treatment maintained the same at par with control. Thus, Aroclor 1254 has adverse effects on GLUT4 translocation and (14)C-2-deoxyglucose uptake, and lycopene administered along with Aroclor 1254 has a protective role over it.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Carotenoids/pharmacology , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Glucose Transporter Type 4/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Muscular Diseases/prevention & control , Animals , Blood Glucose/analysis , Cell Fractionation , Deoxyglucose/pharmacokinetics , Gene Expression/drug effects , Glucose Transporter Type 4/genetics , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Lycopene , Male , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Muscular Diseases/chemically induced , Muscular Diseases/metabolism , Muscular Diseases/pathology , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine disruptor, it influences various organ systems in human beings and experimental animals. DEHP reduced the serum testosterone and increased the blood glucose, estradiol, T(3) and T(4) in rats. However, the effect of DEHP on insulin signaling and glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle is not known. Adult male albino rats were divided into four groups: Group I: Control; Groups II and III: DEHP treated (dissolved in olive oil at a dose of 10 and 100mg/kg body weight, respectively, once daily through gastric intubation for 30 days); and Group IV: DEHP (100mg/kg body weight) plus vitamins E (50mg/kg body weight) and C (100mg/kg body weight) dissolved in olive oil and distilled water, respectively, once daily through gastric intubation for 30 days. On completion of treatment, animals were euthanized and perfused (whole body); gastrocnemius muscle was dissected out and subjected to assessment of various parameters. DEHP treatment increased the H(2)O(2), hydroxyl radical levels and lipid peroxidation which disrupt the membrane integrity and insulin receptor. DEHP impaired the insulin signal transduction, glucose uptake and oxidation through decreased expression of plasma membrane GLUT4, which may partly be responsible for the elevation of fasting blood glucose level. The present study suggests that DEHP exposure affects glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle and is mediated through enhanced lipid peroxidation, impaired insulin signaling and GLUT4 expression in plasma membrane. Antioxidant vitamins (C and E) have a protective role against the adverse effect of DEHP.
