ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the chest computed tomography (CT) findings in infants with confirmed COVID-19 infection by providing a comprehensive review of the existing literature. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed and Embase from the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak to October 20, 2020, for studies that discussed the chest CT findings in infants younger than 1 year with COVID-19 infection. RESULTS: A total of 35 studies comprising 70 COVID-19 (58.5% boys) confirmed infants were included. The mean age of the included patients was 4.1 months with a range of 1 day to 12 months. Chest CT scans showed bilateral abnormalities in 34 patients, and unilateral lung involvement in 25 patients. Ground-glass opacities (GGO) (71.43%) were found to be the most prevalent chest CT manifestation, followed by peribronchial thickening (60%), linear or band-shaped opacities (32.8%), consolidation (28.57%), nodule (18.57%), effusion (7.14%) and focal lucency (7.14%). CONCLUSIONS: GGO and peribronchial thickening were the most prevalent findings in the infants' chest CT scans. Linear or band-shaped opacities, consolidation, and pulmonary nodules are more common in infants than in adults. These findings suggest that the disease is more likely to be presented as an atypical pneumonia (peribronchial thickening and linear or band-shaped opacities) in this age group. Other chest CT scan manifestations can be classified as typical COVID-19 infection (peripheral GGO), lobar pneumonia (consolidation) and opportunistic infections (pulmonary nodules).
Subject(s)
COVID-19/diagnostic imaging , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnostic imaging , Radiography, Thoracic/methods , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The use of blood and blood components is an essential and effective treatment for many patients, but the transmission of infectious agents via transfusion and the occurrence of non-infectious transfusion reactions (TRs) are unavoidable. The objective of our study was to determine the frequency and type of transfusion-related reactions reported in Iran between 2014 and 2018. METHODS: This retrospective study was carried out in the Iranian blood transfusion organization (IBTO) during a period of five years (2014-2018). All TRs reported to the Iranian national haemovigilance system (INHS) were analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: A total of 20,062 TRs were reported to the INHS from 2014 to 2018. The overall frequency of TRs was 0.14 %. The most common TRs were allergic (42.51 %) and febrile non-hemolytic reactions (37.17 %), respectively. The frequency of TRs to red blood cell (RBC) components was significantly higher than those to the components of platelet (PLT) and plasma (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, the frequency of TRs was relatively low (0.14 %) and the majority of them were allergic and febrile non-hemolytic reactions. The recording and reporting of all occurred TRs, the implementation of INHS in all hospitals and the continuity of specific educational courses to physicians, nurses and blood banking staff, as well as the use of an online reporting system will help to improve the haemovigilance in Iran.
