[Morphologial changes in the hair follicle and hair shaft in old age.]

The work is based on the results of a microscopic examination of 46 men and 50 women who were examined at the medical center for the treatment of hair and skin in the period 2022-2023. Depending on the age of the subjects, they were divided into two groups. The first group included 52 people (25 men and 27 women) of young age (21-35 years old). The second group consisted of 44 people (21 men and 23 women) of senile age (75-86 years old). Hair sampling was performed in the temporal region of the head by combing out the hair that had already fallen out with a comb (they did not pull it out of the skin!). The sample of this study consisted of conditionally healthy individuals of the Slavic phenotype. The width of the hair follicle and the hair shaft were calculated. The results of this lifetime comparative analysis of the linear dimensions of the hair follicle and the hair shaft in the temporal region in persons of both sexes of young and old age allow us to expand the understanding of the features of their age-related changes, and further continue detailed study, since new knowledge is necessary for the development of modern methods for the prevention of age-associated pathologies of the scalp.

[Comparative characterization of the linear dimensions of the pubic symphysis in women in the first period of adulthood, elderly age and old age according to computed tomography data.]

The paper is based on the results of a CT study of 71 women with normal pelvic dimensions without pelvic bone or pelvic organ pathology who underwent the study in 2022-2023. All subjects consented to the study, which was performed according to the indications. The CT study consisted of determining the width, height, and thickness of the pubic symphysis in 3D reconstruction mode. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the anatomical age classification. The first group consisted of 23 first-age adults (21-35 years old); the second group included 25 elderly people (56-74 years old); the third group consisted of 23 elderly people (75-88 years old). The results obtained are the basis for further research and can be used by doctors of such clinical specialties as sports medicine, traumatology, forensics, forensic medicine, obstetrics and many others.

[Effectiveness of treatment of elderly patients with traumatic brain injury complicated by subdural hematoma.]

The work is based on the results of a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 56 patients with traumatic brain injury complicated by acute subdural hematoma with a volume of 60-100 cm3. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to their age: the 1st group included 29 patients aged 22-29 years, the 2nd group consisted of 27 patients aged 61-69 years. The degree of impaired consciousness in the victims at admission to the clinic was evaluated on the Glasgow scale, the effectiveness of the treatment at discharge from the hospital was performed on the Rankin scale, assessing the degree of independence and disability. Elderly patients were found to have a more severe condition upon admission to the clinic. Upon discharge from the hospital, the assessment of the degree of independence and disability on the Rankin scale revealed a statistically significant predominance of scores in the group of elderly patients (p<0,01), which indicates less effective treatment in comparison with young patients. The results of this study can serve as a basis for the development of additional recommendations in outpatient practice for the care and care of patients in the older age group and a personalized approach to neurosurgical patients taking into account their age.

[Morphological characteristics of the cerebellar cortex at a young age and changes in its cytoarchitectonics in opioid dependence]. / Morfologicheskaya kharakteristika kory mozzhechka v molodom vozraste i izmeneniya ee tsitoarkhitektoniki pri opioidnoi zavisimosti.

The results of histological, micrometric and immunohistochemical studies performed on sectional material of 69 men corpses aged from 21 to 29 years are presented. Two groups were identified: 42 deaths without drug addiction and 27 deaths from exposure to a toxic synthetic opioids drug, with the history their systematic use lasting from 16 months to 3 years. A comparative analysis of the morphological characteristics of cerebellar cortex tissues was carried out using staining with hematoxylin and eosin and according to the Nissl method (according to Snesarev). For immunohistochemical analysis of the samples, a panel of antibodies to the Vimentin protein was used. In each case, the distance between Purkinje cells was determined and the percentage of immunonegative Purkinje cells to Vimentin from their total number was calculated. In persons with a history of opioid dependence, signs of neurodegenerative changes in the cerebellar cortex were noted: deformation of the shape of Purkinje cells, morphological transformation of nuclei from karyopyknosis to karyorrhexis, and the appearance of fuzzy cell boundaries. There was no statistically significant difference in the distance between the Purkinje cells and their number in the opioid-dependent group and in the conditionally healthy group. An increase in the number of Purkinje cells immunopositive to the Vimentin protein was found in the group of deaths with opioid dependence. The results of assessing the cytoarchitectonics of the cerebellar cortex using an immunohistochemical method for studying Purkinje cells positively stained with antibodies to Vimentin can be used as additional criteria for forensic medical determination of the opioid dependence presence in the deceased.

[Morphological differences of the fallopian tube ampoule in young and old age.]

The work is based on a morphological study of ampoules of the fallopian tubes of 130 young and senile women who gave birth. Macrometric, histological, immunohistochemical and micrometric methods of investigation were applied. The regularities of age-related morphological variability of the fallopian tube ampoule are revealed, which are manifested in a decrease in the parameters of their length, as well as external diameters in the middle of the ampoule and at the places of transition of the isthmus into the ampoule and ampoule into the funnel from young age to old age. Histoarchitectonics of ampoules of the fallopian tubes in women in old age is characterized by flattening of the epithelium of the mucous membrane, which forms an abundance of nearby thickened folds that form an uneven narrowing of the lumen of the ampoule. The thinning of the muscle membrane is determined with the growth of connective tissue instead of it and the accumulation of adipocytes in the subserose base. In old age, there is a more pronounced expression of vimentin, which can be traced not only in the endothelium and subendothelial layer of blood vessels, including capillaries, but also in individual fibroblasts. It was found that the features of the micrometric characteristics of the fallopian tube ampoules consist in a decrease in the inner perimeter of the epithelial lining and the lumen area, along with an increase in the area of their wall at the median cross-section in old age compared with young age.

[Comparative morphological characteristics of the corpus callosum in men and women of young and old age.]

The work is based on the results of an organometric study of the corpus callosum (callosometry) among 93 people (49 men and 44 women) using the method of magnetic resonance imaging. A comparative analysing of the length, height, thickness of the roller and the knee of the corpus callosum, the depth of its occurrence (front, top, back) was carried out. The regularities of age variability of organometric characteristics of the corpus callosum, manifested in a decrease in its linear dimensions among old people in comparison with young people and a decrease in the depth of its occurrence. The results of this morphological study can be as a basis for identifying individual patterns of age-related anatomy of the brain and have practical importance as indicators of the norm, which will use these data in diagnostic and therapeutic work.

[Value of computer tomographic characteristics of the ventricles of the brain and cerebral hemocirculation in forensic medical examination of mild traumatic brain injury]. / Znachenie komp'yuterno-tomograficheskoi kharakteristiki zheludochkov golovnogo mozga i tserebral'noi gemotsirkulyatsii v sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertize legkoi cherepno-mozgovoi travmy.

Aim of this study is to determine the changes in the parameters of the ventricles of the brain and cerebral hemodynamics to improve the diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury. A decrease in the parameters of the lateral ventricles in combination with diffuse cerebral hypoperfusion was found. Focal disorders of cerebral circulation in the frontal and temporal lobes were registered in patients with brain injury. The algorithm of differential diagnosis of mild concussion and brain injury was developed.

[The dynamics of the structural organization of the corpus callosum from young to old age.]

The work is based on the results of histological and immunohistochemical studies performed on the sectional material of 104 human corpses (59 men and 45 women) of young and old age. A comparative analysis of the morphological characteristics of the corpus callosum tissues using hematoxylin and eosin staining, the Nissl method (by Snesarev), by Van Gieson, by Spielmeyer, by Foot. An immunohistochemical study of the samples used a panel of antibodies to glial fibrillar acid protein (GFAP), the S-100 protein. It was found that by senile age, the tissue of the corpus callosum is characterized by the accumulation of glial macrophages. With age, there is a proliferation of GFAP-immunopositive astroglia. There is no dynamics of S-100 protein expression with age. Thus, the revealed regularity of age-related variability of the cytoarchitectonics of the corpus callosum is of interest in diagnostic and therapeutic work, and its morphological picture in old age can serve as an equivalent of the anatomical norm.

[Conventional and minimally invasive surgery in diagnosis and treatment of thoracoabdominal wounds]. / Optimal'noe sochetanie otkrytykh i miniinvazivnykh operatsii v diagnostike i lechenii torakoabdominal'nykh ranenii.

AIM: To develop the algorithm of optimal combination of conventional and minimally invasive procedures for surgical diagnosis and treatment of thoracoabdominal wounds (TAW). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The most common borders of TAW were analyzed in 81 bodies of victims. Typical borders of costodiaphragmatic pleural sinus were assessed in 90 male cadavers. There were 81 victims with TAW who were divided into two groups. The first group included 40 patients who underwent newly developed methods of treatment. Group II consisted of 41 patients who were treated earlier. RESULTS: The algorithm of invasive diagnosis of diaphragm wounds and the method of sequential determination of indications for conventional or endoscopic procedures were developed and applied in the first group. Minimally invasive operations alone or in combination with open surgery were applied in 80% of patients in group I and in 53.66% of patients in group II. Thirty-eight (97.5%) and 35 (85.37%) patients convalesced in groups I and II, respectively. CONCLUSION: Thoracotomy was required in 34.29% of cases for TAW correction, laparotomy - in 71.43% of cases. Minimally invasive operations were sufficient in other cases.

[Perfusion computed tomography in the diagnosis of mild brain injury]. / Perfuzionnaya komp'yuternaya tomografiya v diagnostike legkoi cherepno-mozgovoi travmy.

AIM: To evaluate and compare the characteristics of the regional cerebral blood flow in patients with mild cerebral concussion or injury using the results of perfusion computed tomography (CT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-eight men, aged 18-35 years, including 21 with concussion and 17 with mild cranial/brain injury (CBI), were examined at the early stage of disease. The control group consisted of 7 age-matched men with non-confirmed CBI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results of CT-perfusion revealed generalized changes in the hemodynamics. There was a significant increase in the mean time and decrease in the total volume of blood flow through selected regions. Hypoperfusion caused by generalized vasospasm was found in all patients at the early stage of mild CBI. Focal disturbances of cerebral blood flow localized in the poles of the frontal and temporal lobes were determined in patients with mild brain injury compared to the patients with concussion. The use of CT-perfusion can improve the diagnosis of mild CBI.

[Morphological features of structural organization of cerebellar cortex in old age].

In this science work there were conducted such researches as organometric, histological, immunomorphologic and morphometric of cerebellar cortex of 219 corpses of people (108 man and 111 woman) of young and old age. A comparative analysis of the parameters of bulb-shaped neurons in these ages revealed decrease of their height and width. It is found that distance between interval nerve cell bodies of ganglionic layer increases with age that obviously associated with progressing disorganization and death of bulb-shaped neurons. It is marked an increment in the number of immunopositive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, protide S-100 and vimentin astrocytes in granular layer and molecular layer of cerebellar cortex, and decline in the number of immunopositive for neuron-specific enolase and immunonegative for protide S-100 and vimentin bulb-shaped neurons that can be regarded as manifestation of neurodegeneration. Using immunohistochemical methods in research allows approaching more differentially to the issues of morphological assessment cerebellar cortex of elderly people and gives an opportunity to receive more objective and full information of postnatal morphogenesis.

[Comparative organometric characteristic of cerebellum of the young and old age].

The science work is based on morphological research of cerebellums of 219 corpses of people (108 man and 111 woman) of young and old age. There were used such research methods as organometric, histological and morphometric. During study a comparative analysis of the mass, linear dimensions, thickness of cerebellar cortex of young and old age was conducted. The regularities of age variability of organometric characteristic of cerebellum were revealed and they are found in the reduction of mass and linear dimensions of the people of senile age in comparison with younger people. It was determined that thickness of molecular and granular layers of cerebellum was characterized by aging changing parameters. The results of the morphological study can serve as a basis for the identification of certain regularities of age anatomy of the cerebellum and have practical significance as indicators of the norm that allows using these data in diagnostic and therapeutic work.

[Pleural drainage for the treatment of the acute empyema].

Treatment of 675 patients with the acute pleural empyema was analyzed and supplemented with anatomometric investigations of costophrenic sinus in 60 male corpses. Technical features of effective pleural drainage were fundamentally substantiated and depicted in pictures and schemes. The original method of the retrograde thoracoscopic drainage with the original device were suggested.

[Vascular network of the entrance area of the trigeminal nerve root into the brainstem].

High-tech methods of surgical treatment of neural diseases require detailed data on the microanatomy on the base of the brain. Using an original method of dissection of the posterior cranial fossa and brain removal from the skull, the data on microanatomical peculiarities of the entrance area of the trigeminal nerve root into the brainstem were received at autopsies on 48 human subjects. Three variants of arterial blood supply to the trigeminal nerve root and three variants of venous drainage from the cerebellopontine angle are described. The suggested method of posterior cranial fossa dissection during an autopsy allows to detect a topographical-anatomical interrelations between the trigeminal nerve root and the vessels of the skull base, which existed in the living patients. Taking into consideration the variants of the superior petrosal vein structure the allows to decrease the probability of complications during the surgical access to the brainstem structures.