Acute peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of COVID-19-related acute kidney injury.

The kidney is not typically the main target of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, but surprisingly, acute kidney injury (AKI) may occur in 4-23% of cases, whereas the dialysis management of AKI from coronavirus 2019 has not gained much attention. The severity of the pandemic has resulted in significant shortages in medical supplies, including respirators, ventilators and personal protective equipment. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains available and has been used in clinical practice for AKI for >70 years; however, it has been used on only a limited basis and therefore experience and knowledge of its use has gradually vanished, leaving a considerable gap. The turning point came in 2007, with a series of sequential publications providing solid evidence that PD is a viable option. As there was an availability constraint and a capacity limit of equipment/supplies in many countries, hemodialysis and convective therapies became alternatives. However, even these therapies are not available in many countries and their capacity is being pushed to the limit in many cities. Evidence-based PD experience lends support for the use of PD now.

Influence of different dialysis modalities in the measurement of resting energy expenditure in patients with acute kidney injury in ICU.

BACKGROUND: Currently, the execution of indirect calorimetry, which is considered the gold standard for measuring energy expenditure, is not indicate during dialysis, and it may interfere on nutritional therapy of these patients. This study aimed to evaluate the resting energy expenditure (REE) in patients with severe acute kidney injury treated by different modalities of dialysis and to identify whether dialysis influences on REE. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study that evaluated patients admitted in intensive care units with diagnosis of acute kidney injury AKIN-3, mechanically ventilated, and submitted to conventional hemodialysis (CHD), extended hemodialysis (EHD) or high volume peritoneal dialysis (HVPD). Indirect calorimetry was performed at pre dialysis time and during the dialysis procedure. Parameters that could change REE were also evaluated. RESULTS: One-hundred patients undergoing 290 dialysis sessions were evaluated, with mean age 60.3 ± 17 years, 69% were male and 74% have died. There was no significant difference between REE of predialysis time and during dialysis time (2156 ± 659 kcal vs. 2100 ± 634 kcal, respectively, p = 0.15). No difference was observed in the REE before and during dialysis of different modalities. There were no differences between parameters pre and during dialysis of each modality. There was only a difference in norepinephrine dose, which was higher in pre dialysis time in HVPD and EHD modalities, compared with CHD modality. Moreover, during dialysis time, EHD modality had significantly higher VAD compared to other dialysis modalities. CONCLUSION: The three evaluated modalities did not change REE. Indirect calorimetry can be performed during dialysis procedures and there was no difference between ventilation parameters, sedatives use, body temperature and VAD in both moments.

Poor Agreement between Predictive Equations of Energy Expenditure and Measured Energy Expenditure in Critically Ill Acute Kidney Injury Patients.

BACKGROUND: There are multiple equations for predicting resting energy expenditure (REE), but how accurate they are in severe acute kidney injury (AKI) patients is not clear. Our aim was to determine if predictive equations for estimated REE accurately reflect the requirements of AKI patients. METHODS: We included in this prospective and observational study AKI patients AKIN-3 assessed by indirect calorimetry (IC). Bland-Altman, intraclass correlation coefficient and precision (percentagem of predicted values within 10% of measured values) were performed to compare REE by equations with REE measured by IC. RESULTS: IC was applied in 125 AKI patients. The mean age was 62.5 ± 16.6 and 65.6% were male. Mean REE measured was 2,029.11 ± 760.4 kcal/day. There were low precision, and poor agreement between measured and predicted REE by the Harris-Benedict (HB), Mifflin, Ireton-Jones, Penn state, American College of Chest Physicians, and Faisy equations. HB without using injury factor was the least precise (18% of precision). Modified Penn state equation had the best precision, although the precision rate was only 41%. For all equations, the limits of agreement range were large leading to the potential under or overfeeding of individual patients. CONCLUSION: None of these equations accurately estimated measured REE in severe AKI patients and most of them underestimated energy needs.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in critically ill acute kidney injury patients.

Sepsis is the most common cause of death in critically ill patients and is associated with multiorgan failure, including acute kidney injury (AKI). This situation can require acute renal support and increase mortality. Therefore, it is essential to administer antimicrobials in doses that achieve adequate serum levels, avoiding both overdosing and drug toxicity as well as underdosing and the risk of antibiotic resistance and higher mortality. Currently, there are no validated guidelines on antibiotic dose adjustments in septic patients with AKI. The current recommendations were extrapolated from studies conducted in noncritical patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease receiving chronic renal replacement therapy. This study aimed to review and discuss the complexity of this issue, considering several factors related to drug metabolism, the characteristics of critically ill patients, the properties of antimicrobial drugs and dialysis methods.

Estudo aberto comparativo captopril + hidroclorotiazida versus clortalidona para tratamento da hipertensäo primária leve e moderada / An open comparative study of captopril + hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone for the treatment of mild and moderate primary hypertension

Objetivo - Comparar o efeito anti-hipertensivo e alterações metabólicas da associação captopril + hidroclorotiazida (C+HCTZ) contra clortalidona (CT) para tratamento de hipertensão arterial primária leve e moderada. Métodos - cinqüenta e cinco pacientes que tiveram a sua medicação anti-hipertensiva suspensa por 15 dias ou sem tratamento prévio, foram randomizados para tratamentos com a associação captopril 50mg + hidroclorotiazida 25mg (n=29) ou clortalidona 50mg (n=26). A avaliação clínica foi realizada previamente à medicação e mensalmente durante 3 meses e os exames laboratoriais foram feitos no início e ao final do estudo. Resultados - A pressão arterial (PA) no período placebo não foi diferente entre os grupos (C+CHTZ: 161 ± 25/102 ± 6 - CT: 155 ± 18/101 ± 6 mmHg), porém a diminuição da pressão diastólica já no 1° mês foi estatisticamente significante no grupo C+HCTZ (89±8 mmHg) comparado ao grupo CT (94±8 mmHg, p<0,05). O perceptual de queda da PA diastólica em média, de 12% no grupo C+HCTZ e no grupo CT variou de 7 (1° e 2° mês) a 11% (3° mês). Embora sem diferença estatística, obteve-se normalização pressórica em 69% dos pacientes com captopril associado ao diurético e, em 50%, com clortalidona. Observou-se uma redução significativa da potassemia com clortalidona (4,2±0,7 para 3,7±0,4 mEq/L, p<0,01) e manutenção dos níveis de potássio com associação captopril e tiazídico. Este último tratamento também reduziu significativamente os níveis de colesterol (219±39 mg/dl para 202±39 mg/dl, p<0,04). Conclusão - Os resultados mostraram que a associação de captopril com dose baixa de tiazídico normaliza a PA em 69% de pacientes portadores de hipertensão arterial primária leve e moderada e age mais rapidamente que a clortalidona no controle pressórico, apresentando efeito metabólico benéfico de reduzir os níveis de colesterol sem alterar a potassemia

Purpose - To compara the antihypertensive and metabolic effects of captopril combined with hydrochlorothiazide (C+HCTZ) versus chlorthalidone (CT) in mild and moderate primary hypertensive patients. Methods - Fifty five patients, whithout treatment or treated with 15 days placebo were randomized for treatment with the combination of captopril 50mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25mg (n=29) against chlorthalidone (n=26). The clinical evaluation was done during placebo and monthly throughout three months, and the laboratory tests were done before and at the end of the study. Results - The blood pressure were similar between groups during placebo period (C+HCTZ: 161±25/102±6 - CT: 155±18/101±6 mmHg); the diastolic blood pressure decreases significantly at first month already in the group C+HCTZ (89±8 mmHg) comparad to group CT (94±8 mmHg, p<0,05). The percentile diastolic and mean blood pressure dropped, in average, 12% in C+HCTZ group and in CT varied between 7 (1st and 2nd month) to 11% (3rd month). Without statistical difference, the blood pressure normalization was obtained in 69% of the patients with the association captopril and diuretic and in 50% of the patients in the chlorthalidone group. It was observed a significant reduction of potassium in patients treated with chlorthalidone (4,2±0,7 to 3,7±0,4 mEq/L, p<0,01) that was not observed with the captopril and the thyazide associated. The last treatment also significantly reduced the cholesterol levels (219±39mg/dl to 202±39mg/dl, p<0,04). Conclusion - Our results indicate that captopril combined with low diuretic dose normalize the blood pressure in 69% mild to moderate primary hypertensive patients, and acts faster than chlorthalidone in this control. In addition has metabolic benefits reducing cholesterol levels with no alteration in potassium levels