ABSTRACT
Pollination services provided by insects play a key role in English crop production and wider ecology. Despite growing evidence of the negative effects of habitat loss on pollinator populations, limited policy support is available to reverse this pressure. One measure that may provide beneficial habitat to pollinators is England's entry level stewardship agri-environment scheme. This study uses a novel expert survey to develop weights for a range of models which adjust the balance of Entry Level Stewardship options within the current area of spending. The annual costs of establishing and maintaining these option compositions were estimated at £59.3-£12.4 M above current expenditure. Although this produced substantial reduction in private cost:benefit ratios, the benefits of the scheme to pollinator habitat rose by 7-140 %; significantly increasing the public cost:benefit ratio. This study demonstrates that the scheme has significant untapped potential to provide good quality habitat for pollinators across England, even within existing expenditure. The findings should open debate on the costs and benefits of specific entry level stewardship management options and how these can be enhanced to benefit both participants and biodiversity more equitably.
ABSTRACT
This paper incorporates the milk quota system into technical efficiency analysis of dairy farms in England and Wales. Our approach accounts for milk quota trade, allowing an investigation of the relationship between the way in which milk quota market is used by farmers and technical efficiency. In addition, several explanatory variables for inefficiency were used. Results obtained from a Bayesian stochastic frontier analysis show that the way in which farmers use the milk quota market is linked to farm efficiency. Other aspects such as environmental payments received by the farmer are linked to inefficiency.
Subject(s)
Dairying/methods , Milk/supply & distribution , Animals , Bayes Theorem , Cattle , Dairying/legislation & jurisprudence , Dairying/organization & administration , Efficiency, Organizational , England , Stochastic Processes , WalesABSTRACT
The issues surrounding the use of research to inform practice and the potential problems involved in this process have been the subject of debate within nursing for many years. The purchaser/provider relationship has led to an increase in the number of challenges nursing encounters regarding the implementation of research. These challenges and relationships, which will either promote or prevent the implementation of research in nursing practice, are explored using Nolan and Grant's (1993) framework. The analysis concludes that implementation of nursing research needs to be part of the contracting process involving shared dialogue between purchasers and providers. Discussions on clinical effectiveness need to include nursing evidence as part of the health-care contracting process. Professionals involved in contracting require equal knowledge about research and joint professional values in order to support its implementation within contracting appropriately.
Subject(s)
Contract Services/organization & administration , Marketing of Health Services , Nursing Research/organization & administration , Research Support as Topic/organization & administration , HumansABSTRACT
A nurse manager, an educationalist and a clinician describe their nursing model, which has been implemented on an orthopaedic unit. Based on an appreciation of the unique nature of the nurse-patient relationship, the model aims to foster and develop patient empowerment as a means of encouraging rehabilitation.
Subject(s)
Models, Nursing , Orthopedic Nursing/standards , Humans , Nurse-Patient Relations , Nursing Audit , Nursing Diagnosis , Orthopedic Nursing/methodsABSTRACT
Neurotologic and skull base procedures that include dissection within the subarachnoid space carry with them the potential for meningitis. Postoperative aseptic leptomeningitis occurs more frequently than purulent bacterial meningitis. Differentiation between these two conditions early in the postoperative period is important to avoid delay in or unnecessary treatment. The definitive diagnosis is made with cerebral spinal fluid culture. Early differentiation between postoperative aseptic leptomeningitis and purulent bacterial meningitis on the basis of results of cerebral spinal fluid profile before cerebral spinal fluid culture would result in earlier appropriate therapy.
