Manure methane emissions over three years at a swine farm in western Canada.

Swine manure is kept in outdoor storage facilities until it is applied to cropland. Anaerobic conditions facilitate microbial methane (CH4 ) production at a rate that depends on temperature. Manure CH4 emissions can be the largest contributor to the carbon footprint of pork production. Despite the importance of CH4 , its actual emissions in cold temperate climates are highly uncertain. This study measured emissions from a single-cell earthen manure storage facility at a commercial swine farm near Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, for 3 yr. Complimentary laboratory measurements were done to assess CH4 potential (B0 ). The manure storage regularly received manure from the barn and was only emptied in October. In the summer, manure temperature was usually lower than the air temperature, with the manure temperature (averaged across depths) warming to between 15 and 18.5 °C for only 9 wk. Emissions of CH4 were low, with the CH4 conversion factor being between 3.0 and 11.0%, depending on the year (using the IPCC 2019 default B0 ). Scaled by the number of swine reaching market weight (125 kg) each year, CH4 emissions were between 250 and 902 g CH4 animal-1 . Laboratory measurements of CH4 production potential scaled by VS were 335 ml CH4 g-1 VS at 37 °C, perhaps lower than the IPCC 2019 default value due to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the ration and degradation in the under-barn pit prior to transfer outdoors. Taken together, the low manure temperatures, short warm season, and barley in the ration suggest that emissions from swine manure in cold climates like western Canada are considerably lower than previously estimated based on default factors.

Greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from production of compost bedding on a dairy farm.

Recent developments in composting technology enable dairy farms to produce their own bedding from composted manure. This management practice alters the fate of carbon and nitrogen; however, there is little data available documenting how gaseous emissions are impacted. This study measured in-situ emissions of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ammonia (NH3) from an on-farm solid-liquid separation system followed by continuously-turned plug-flow composting over three seasons. Emissions were measured separately from the continuously-turned compost phase, and the compost-storage phase prior to the compost being used for cattle bedding. Active composting had low emissions of N2O and CH4 with most carbon being emitted as CO2-C and most N emitted as NH3-N. Compost storage had higher CH4 and N2O emissions than the active phase, while NH3 was emitted at a lower rate, and CO2 was similar. Overall, combining both the active composting and storage phases, the mean total emissions were 3.9×10-2gCH4kg-1 raw manure (RM), 11.3gCO2kg-1 RM, 2.5×10-4g N2O kg-1 RM, and 0.13g NH3 kg-1 RM. Emissions with solid-separation and composting were compared to calculated emissions for a traditional (unseparated) liquid manure storage tank. The total greenhouse gas emissions (CH4+N2O) from solid separation, composting, compost storage, and separated liquid storage were reduced substantially on a CO2-equivalent basis compared to traditional liquid storage. Solid-liquid separation and well-managed composting could mitigate overall greenhouse gas emissions; however, an environmental trade off was that NH3 was emitted at higher rates from the continuously turned composter than reported values for traditional storage.

2014 Anthrax epidemic in Koubia prefecture, Guinea-Conakry.

Anthrax disease is an anthropozoonosis caused by a Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. Our objective was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of the 2014 epidemic in Koubia prefecture. This retrospective study examined all of the anthrax cases reported in Fafaya, Koubia Prefecture. In March and April 2014, there were 39 cases of human anthrax reported, for an incidence of 1.135%. The mean age was 20.9 (± 18.3) with a sex ratio of 2.54 (28/11) in favor of men. Seventy-six percent (23/39) were single. More than one half were students (53.8%). The main clinical signs were fever in 71, 8% (n = 28 /), papules 59% (n = 23), vesicles of 59% (n = 23) Digestive and cutaneous signs represented 35.9 % and 64.1% respectively; 35% had ingested contaminated meat and 17.95% were in direct contact with a sick animal. We didn't find any correlation between the mode of infection and onset of signs. The fatality rate was 28.21%. The 2014 epidemic of anthrax disease in the Koubia prefecture was marked by a high incidence and lethality. Clinical manifestations were cutaneaous and digestive. These results may serve further interventions to fight against anthrax disease. They should mainly focus on an awareness of peasants, surveillance and vaccination of cattle. Other studies seem to be necessary.

[Evaluation of antiretroviral treatment in HIV infected adult in the department of dermatology venereology of the Donka national hospital]. / Evaluation du traitement antiretroviral chez l'adulte infecte par le VIH au service de dermatologie venereologie de l'hopital national Donka.

If the use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) have largely improved survival, morbidity and the quality of life of the people living with HIV in Northern countries as well as Southern countries and particularly in Africa, many obstacles have slowed down their use. Thus the follow-up of the patients under HAART in certain developing countries is still limited even non-existent. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to bring the therapeutic outcomes obtained after a minimal six months period of follow-up among HIV+ patients admitted in external consultations or following hospitalizations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective and descriptive study concerning patients followed from January 1st, 2004 to December 31st, 2008 (5 years). RESULTS: Our study concerned 275 patients including 61.41% women with a sex-ratio (M/W) of 0.62. The average age of our patients was of 36.83 [rage: 18-70]. The initial average weight of our patients was 59.88 kg [range: 30-107] with the majority (66.91%) at the stage III of the WHO clinical classification. The serologic profile was dominated by HIV1 (97.09%) with a number of average CD4 of 210.99 cells/mm3 at the initiation of the ARV treatment. The evolution under treatment was marked clinically by an average ponderal gain of 7,45kg, with weight increasing from 59.88 kg to 67.33 kg between M0 and M54. Biologically, the number of average CD4 increased from 210.99 to 643 between M0 and M48 with an average gain of 432.01 cells/mm3. On the virological level, the plasmatic viral load was carried out for 64 patients out of 275. It was undetectable in 31 patients, be it 48.44%. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the therapeutic outcomes of the patients under HAART was good at the end of this study with a satisfactory clinical issue, marked by an increase in the average weight which corroborates a good immunological and virological response.

Si l'utilisation des multithérapies antirétro-virales (ARV) a grandement amélioré la survie, la morbidité et la qualité de vie des PVVIH dans les pays du Nord, dans les pays du Sud, et notamment en Afrique, de nombreux obstacles ont freiné leur utilisation. C'est ainsi que le suivi des patients sous ARV dans certains pays en voie de développement est encore timide voir inexistant. OBJECTIF: L'objectif de ce travail était de rapporter les réponses thérapeutiques obtenues après une période minimale de six mois de suivi chez des patients VIH+ admis en consultations externes ou à la suite d'hospitalisations. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective de type descriptif concernant les patients suivis dans la période du 1er janvier 2004 au 31 décembre 2008, soit 5 ans. RÉSULTATS: Notre étude a concernée 275 patients dont 61,41% de femmes avec un sex-ratio (H/F) de 0,62. L'âge moyen de nos patients était de 36,83 [18 70]. Le poids moyen initial de nos patients était de 59,88 kg [30 ­107] avec la majorité (66,91%) au stade III de la classification clinique de l'OMS. Le profil sérologique était dominé par le VIH1 (97,09%) avec un nombre de CD4 moyen à 210,99 cellules/mm3à l'initiation du traitement ARV. L'évolution sous traitement a été marquée cliniquement par un gain pondéral moyen de 7,45kg, le poids moyen passant de 59,88 kg à 67,33 kg entre M0 et M54. Biologiquement, le nombre de CD4 moyen est passé de 210,99 à 643 entre M0 et M48 soit un gain moyen de 432,01 cellules/mm3. Sur le plan virologique, la charge virale plasmatique réalisée chez 64 patients sur 275 était indétectable chez 31 patients soit 48,44%. CONCLUSION: Globalement, la réponse thérapeutique était bonne au terme de cette étude avec une réponse clinique satisfaisante, marquée par une augmentation du poids moyen qui corrobore une bonne réponse immunologique et virologique.

[Scorpion envenomation treated in the Infectious and Tropical Diseases at the Donka National Hospital, Guinea]. / Les envenimations scorpioniques traitées dans le service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales de l'hôpital national Donka, Guinée.

A retrospective descriptive study was conducted from 1(st) October 2010 to 30 November 2012 on the records of patients admitted for scorpion envenomation in the Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases at the Donka National Hospital. The objective of this study is to describe the epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of scorpion envenomation in Maritime Guinea, from scorpion stings recently covered in this service. We collected 75 cases of scorpion envenomation. The median age was 21.5 with interquartile 8 and 20 and sex ratio was 1.29. The upper limbs were involved in 55% of cases, followed by the lower limbs (35%), trunk (6%), head and neck (4%). We observed 63% of patients with local signs, 30% mild and general clinical signs of 7% severe systemic symptoms. All patients received an analgesic and a heterologous antitoxin, associated with an antibiotic (87% of patients), a corticosteroid (72%), diazepam (13%) and furosemide (34.6%). The incidence of scorpion envenomation is not negligible despite underreporting of cases, most often treated in traditional medicine.

[Evaluation of antiretroviral treatment in HIV infected adult in the department of dermatological venereology of the Donka National Hospital]. / Evaluation du traitement antiretroviral chez l'adulte infecte par le VIH au service de dermatologie venereologie de l'Hopital National Donka.

If the use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) have largely improved survival, morbidity and quality of life of the people living with HIV in Northern and Southern countries, and particularly in Africa, many obstacles have slowed down their use. Thus the monitoring of patients under HAART in certain developing countries is still very low, if not non-existent. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to bring the therapeutic outcomes obtained after a minimal six months period of monitoring among HIV positive patients admitted in external consultations or following hospitalizations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective descriptive study concerning patients monitored from January 1st, 2004 to December 31st, 2008, that is to say 5 years. RESULTS: Our study consisted of 275 patients including 61.41% women with a man:woman sex-ratio of 0.62. The average age of our patients was of 36.83 [ranging from 18 to 70]. The initial average weight of our patients was 59.88 kg [range: 30-107] with the majority (66.91%) at stage III of the WHO clinical classification. The serologic profile was dominated by the HIV1 (97.09%) with a CD4 average of 210.99 cellules/mm3, the the start of the HAART. The evolution under treatment was marked clinically by an average ponderal gain of 7,45kg, with average weight going from 59.88 kg to 67.33 kg between M0 and M54. Biologically, the CD4 average went from 210.99 to 643 between M0 and M48 or an average gain of 432.01 cells/mm3. On the virological level, the plasmatic viral load carried out on 64 patients out of 275, was undetectable in 31 patients or 48.44% of cases. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that the therapeutic outcomes for patients under HAART was good and with a satisfactory clinical response, marked by an increase in the average weight which indicates a good immunological and virological response.

Si l'utilisation des multithérapies antirétrovirales (ARV) a grandement amélioré la survie, la morbidité et la qualité de vie des PVVIH dans les pays du Nord, dans les pays du Sud, et notamment en Afrique, de nombreux obstacles ont freiné leur utilisation. C'est ainsi que le suivi des patients sous ARV dans certains pays en voie de développement est encore timide voir inexistant. OBJECTIF: L'objectif de ce travail était de rapporter les réponses thérapeutiques obtenues après une période minimale de six mois de suivi chez des patients VIH+ admis en consultations externes ou à la suite d'hospitalisations. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective de type descriptif concernant les patients suivis dans la période du 1er janvier 2004 au 31 décembre 2008, soit 5 ans. RÉSULTATS: Notre étude a concernée 275 patients dont 61,41% de femmes avec un sex-ratio (H/F) de 0,62. L'âge moyen de nos patients était de 36,83 [18 70]. Le poids moyen initial de nos patients était de 59,88 kg [30 ­107] avec la majorité (66,91%) au stade III de la classification clinique de l'OMS. Le profil sérologique était dominé par le VIH1 (97,09%) avec un nombre de CD4 moyen à 210,99 cellules/mm3à l'initiation du traitement ARV. L'évolution sous traitement a été marquée cliniquement par un gain pondéral moyen de 7,45kg, le poids moyen passant de 59,88 kg à 67,33 kg entre M0 et M54. Biologiquement, le nombre de CD4 moyen est passé de 210,99 à 643 entre M0 et M48 soit un gain moyen de 432,01 cellules/mm3. Sur le plan virologique, la charge virale plasmatique réalisée chez 64 patients sur 275 était indétectable chez 31 patients soit 48,44%. CONCLUSION: Globalement, la réponse thérapeutique était bonne au terme de cette étude avec une réponse clinique satisfaisante, marquée par une augmentation du poids moyen qui corrobore une bonne réponse immunologique et virologique.

Evaluation du traitement antiretroviral chez l'adulte infecte par le VIH au service de dermatologie venereologie de l'hopital national Donka

Si l'utilisation des multitherapies antiretrovirales (ARV) a grandement ameliore la survie; la morbidite et la qualite de vie des PVVIH dans les pays du Nord; dans les pays du Sud; et notamment en Afrique; de nombreux obstacles ont freine leur utilisation. C'est ainsi que le suivi des patients sous ARV dans certains pays en voie de developpement est encore timide voir inexistant. Objectif : L'objectif de ce travail etait de rapporter les reponses therapeutiques obtenues apres une periode minimale de six mois de suivi chez des patients VIH+ admis en consultations externes ou a la suite d'hospitalisations. Materiel et methodes : Il s'agissait d'une etude retrospective de type descriptif concernant les patients suivis dans la periode du 1er janvier 2004 au 31 decembre 2008; soit 5 ans. Resultats : Notre etude a concernee 275 patients dont 61;41 de femmes avec un sex-ratio (H/F) de 0;62. L'age moyen de nos patients etait de 36;83 [18 70]. Le poids moyen initial de nos patients etait de 59;88 kg [30 -107] avec la majorite (66;91) au stade III de la classification clinique de l'OMS. Le profil serologique etait domine par le VIH1 (97;0) de femmes avec un sex-ratio (H/F) de 0;62. L'age moyen de nos patients etait de 36;83 [18 70]. Le poids moyen initial de nos patients etait de 59;88 kg [30 -107] avec la majorite (66;91) au stade III de la classification clinique de l'OMS

[Causes and characteristics of patient death under ARV at the Dermatology-Venereology Department of the Donka National Hospital, GUINEA]. / Causes et caracteristiques des deces des patients sous ARV au service Dermatologie-Venereologie de L'Hopital National Donka, Guinee.

INTRODUCTION: The antiretroviral treatments led to a spectacular reduction of morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, transforming it into a chronic infection. HIV infection remains potentially lethal and requires a long term treatment to obtain an immunological and virological control. The goal of this work was to describe the characteristics of the deaths during the ARV treatment. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We led a descriptive retrospective study of a 4 year period, from July 2004 to August 2007 which looked at 429 patient under ARV followed in the dermatology - venereology department of the Donka national hospital and whose death during hospitalization occurred for the study period. We excluded the patients who suffered loss of sight or who died during the ARV treatment period. RESULTS: On 429 included patients, recorded death rate was of 27,7%. The mean age of included patients was 42 ± 6.5 years old. Patients at the stage 3 and 4 of the WHO classification recorded the greatest number of death. There was no patient at stage I. More half of the patients were immunosuppressed with a count of CD4 < 200/mm3. In our study 66 patients died with a rate of CD4 < 200/mm3 21 patients with a rate of CD4 ranging between 200 and 499 or 17,6%. Only one patient had a rate of CD4 > 500/mm3 while 31 other patients did not have a CD4 at the time of the death. We recorded 57 deaths in the first 6 months of HAART (among which 32 occurred within the first 3 months) and 24 after. The leading causes of death were tuberculosis (47,05%) including 64,28% of pulmonary localization and 35,71% of extrapulmonary localization, followed by cerebral toxoplasmosis (19,62%) and Kaposi disease (15,12%). The other causes of death found were hepatitis B (4,20%) and neuro-meningeal cryptococcosis (2,52%). A socio-economic unstable situation was found at half of the patients For 14 case the cause of death remained unknown. There no was death due to side effects of the ARV therapy. 89,1% of the patients deceased were under protocol 2 INTI + 1 INNTI which represents the layout of first line in our country. CONCLUSION: The mortality of the infection by HIV remains high in spite of the introduction of ARV treatment into our service. The patients who passed away were mainly characterized by a low level of CD4 and a very advanced stage of the evolution of the infection to the initiation of the ARV. The leading causes of death were opportunist infections. An early tracking of the infection by HIV and an early and optimal assumption of responsibility of the opportunist infections could contribute to reverse the tendencies in Guinea.

Les traitements antirétroviraux (ARV) ont permis d'obtenir une réduction spectaculaire mais non complète de la morbidité et de la mortalité à VIH. Cependant malgré ces résultats positifs, plusieurs études rapportent des taux de mortalité élevée chez des patients soumis aux traitements ARV. Le but de ce travail était de décrire les caractéristiques des décès au cours du traitement ARV. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODE: Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective descriptive d'une période de 4 ans, allant de juillet 2004 à août 2007 portant sur 429 patients sous traitement ARV suivis dans le service de dermatologie-vénéréologie de l'hôpital national guinéen de Donka et dont le décès est survenu dans le service pendant la période d'étude. RESULTATS: Sur 429 patients sous ARV inclus dans l'étude, 119 étaient décédés soit une fréquence de 27,7%. L'âge moyen de nos patients était de 42 ± 6,5 ans. Il y avait une légère prédominance féminine (52,1%) avec un sex ratio F/H égal à 1,08. Les patients au stade 3 et 4 de la classification de l'OMS ont enregistré le plus grand nombre de décès. Aucun patient n'était au stade I. Plus de moitié des patients étaient dans un état de déficit immunitaire très profond (CD4 < 200 / mm3). Au cours de notre étude, 66 patients étaient décédés avec un taux de CD4 < 200 / mm3 soit 55%. Nous avons enregistré 57 décès (47,9%) dans les 6 mois suivants l'introduction du traitement anti VIH dont 32 (soit 26,9% de l'ensemble des décès enregistrés) dans les 3 premiers mois alors que 24 patients (20,2%) étaient décédés après 6 mois de traitement. Les principales causes de décès étaient la tuberculose (47,05%), dont 64,28% de localisation pulmonaire, suivie de la toxoplasmose cérébrale (19,62%) et la maladie de Kaposi (15,12%). Les autres causes de décès retrouvées étaient l'hépatite B (4,20%) et la cryptococcose neuro-méningée (2,52%). Pour 14 cas soit 11,76% la cause de décès était inconnue. Aucun décès dû aux effets secondaires des ARV n'était noté. La majorité (89,1%) des patients décédés étaient sous le protocole 2 INTI + 1 INNTI qui représente le schéma de première ligne dans notre pays. CONCLUSION: La mortalité de l'infection par le VIH reste élevée malgré l'introduction du traitement ARV dans notre service. Les patients décédés étaient principalement caractérisés par un faible taux de CD4 et un stade très avancé de l'évolution de l'infection à l'initiation des ARV. Les principales causes de décès étaient les infections opportunistes. Un dépistage précoce de l'infection par le VIH et une prise en charge précoce et optimale des infections opportunistes pourraient contribuer à inverser les tendances en Guinée.