Evaluación nutricional en universitarios y recomendación de una dieta óptima para fortalecer el sistema inmunitario contra la COVID-19 / Nutritional evaluation in university students and an optimal diet for strengthen the immune system versus the COVID-19

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el estado nutricional de estudiantes universitarios para proponer recomendaciones adecuadas de alimentación, con la finalidad de prevenir la COVID-19. Materiales y Métodos: Los alumnos participantes fueron evaluados mediante un estudio transversal, se diseñaron y aplicaron encuestas de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos semanal, con la finalidad de obtener información relacionada con hábitos alimenticios y sintomatología; la evaluación antropométrica y la toma de muestras sanguíneas para la realización de hemograma se realizaron bajo la normatividad ética estandarizada. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se aplicó un modelo de regresión logística multifactorial utilizando para ello el programa EPI INFOTM. Adicionalmente, se realizó una revisión de la literatura en base de datos con relación a los nutrientes adecuados y recomendados para prevenir la COVID-19. Resultados: Se evaluó un grupo de 42 estudiantes universitarios (n=42) cuya edad oscila entre los 18 y 22 años de edad. Más del 95% de los jóvenes declararon consumir carbohidratos como su principal fuente de alimento; por otro lado, un 76% presentó un IMC dentro de los parámetros normales (19-24.9 Kg/m2). Se estimaron recuentos bajos de hemoglobina con una prevalencia del 11.90% entre el grupo participante. Conclusiones: La alimentación sigue siendo la clave para la salud y el bienestar del ser humano. Para mejorar el sistema inmunitario se recomienda el consumo variado de alimentos naturales, en lugar de alimentos con alto contenido de azúcares, harinas y grasas. Dentro de los alimentos con mayor potencial para la prevención de la COVID-19 se encuentran los frutos secos, los huevos, el pescado, los vegetales de hoja verde y los granos enteros. El consumo de fitoquímicos y nutracéuticos puede prevenir y fortalecer inmunológicamente al organismo para combatir la infección por SARS- CoV-2.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of university students to propose the appropriate diet recommendations to prevent COVID-19 Materials and Methods: The participating students were evaluated using a cross- sectional study by feeding and symptoms through weekly food consumption frequency surveys; the anthropometric evaluation and the taking of blood samples were carried out under standardized ethical regulations. Statistical analysis was performed by multifactorial logistic regression analysis using the EPI INFO TM. A literature review was developed in a database where the appropriate nutrients to prevent COVID-19 are described. Results: A group of university students (n = 42) between 18 and 22 years old was evaluated. More than 95% of the young people declared consuming carbohydrates as their primary food source. On the other hand, 76% showed a BMI within normal parameters (19-24.9 Kg /m2). Low hemoglobin counts were estimated with a prevalence of 11.90% among the participating group. Conclusions: Food remains the key to human health and well-being. Consumption of phytochemicals and nutraceuticals can prevent and even treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among the foods with the most significant potential for preventing COVID-19 are nuts, eggs, fish, green leafy vegetables, and whole grains. The consumption of phytochemicals and nutraceuticals can prevent and even treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Antiviral, Antioxidant, and Antihemolytic Effect of Annona muricata L. Leaves Extracts.

Annona muricata L. is a tropical tree that is used in traditional medicine around the world. The high content of flavonoid, alkaloid, acetogenin, phenolic and lipophilic compounds of this tropical tree forms the basis of its traditional medical uses. Our objective was to study soursop leaf extracts to support their use as antiviral therapies and investigate their protective effects against oxidative damage. The aqueous extract (AE) and acidified ethanolic extract (AEE) of soursop leaves were characterized by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and their effects on human erythrocytes and in vitro antioxidant capacity, as evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, were investigated. The antiviral effects were evaluated using a bacteriophage surrogate. AEE showed the highest phenolic content, with rutin as the predominant compound. This extract showed higher values in the DPPH and ABTS assays, with 23.61 ± 0.42 and 24.91 ± 0.16 mmol of Trolox equivalent per gram, respectively. Inhibition of hemolysis was 34% and 51% for AE and AEE, respectively. AEE was selected for the antiviral study because of its higher antioxidant activity. The viral reduction ranged from 5-6 log10 plaque-forming units/volume (PFU) at contact times of 15-360 min. Soursop leaves have a positive effect on reducing oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and viral infections.

Severe Leptospirosis in a Mexican Woman.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a severe case of infection by Leptospira in a woman in the northwest of Mexico. CASE REPORT: A 55-yearold woman from Sonora, México arrived at the Intensive Care Unit due to severe multiple organ failure primarily affecting the respiratory, renal and hepatic systems. Diagnostic tests were performed, and they were positive for anti-Leptospira antibodies, IgM and IgG; and spirochetes were observed on dark field microscopy and confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Doxycycline and platelet apheresis transfusion were used as treatment, which led to a very slow recovery. CONCLUSION: The information presented in this study may help in the identification of pathology caused by spirochetes. This case report is the first to present a case of severe leptospirosis in Sonora, México.

Antiviral effects of Brazilian green and red propolis extracts on Enterovirus surrogates.

Propolis is a natural product of bees with biological activities that are mainly associated with bee type and geographic origin. Propolis extract has been proposed with several applications in environmental health. The ethanol extracts have shown good antimicrobial activity. The association of this technique with ultrasound-assisted extraction has been studied to improve the characteristics of the obtained extracts. Thus, the objective of this work is to verify the antiviral action against two strains of bacteriophages of two extracts of Brazilian propolis (green and red) obtained by conventional extraction and ultrasonic extraction. The activities of the propolis red and green extracts were confirmed by the significant ~3 and ~4.5 Log 10 PFU/mL reduction in the concentrations of the MS2 and Av-08 bacteriophages, respectively. It was found that ultrasound-assisted extraction is comparable to the maceration process and demonstrated the best antiviral activities. Brazilian red propolis was more effective than green propolis in viral reduction in all treatments.

Herbicide biomonitoring in agricultural workers in Valle del Mayo, Sonora Mexico.

Valle del Mayo is an important agricultural area at the northwest of Mexico where up to 20,000 L of a mix composed of glyphosate and tordon is used in drains and canals. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the cellular damage caused by glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and picloram in agricultural workers. Biomonitoring was performed through the quantification of herbicides in urine using HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) to then evaluate the cellular damage in exposed people by means of an evaluation of micronuclei and cellular proliferation in lymphocyte cultures. The urine samples (n = 30) have shown a concentration of up to 10.25 µg/L of picloram and 2.23 µg/L of AMPA; no positive samples for glyphosate were reported. The calculation of the external dose reveals that agricultural workers ingest up to 146 mg/kg/day; however, this concentration does not surpass the limits that are allowed internationally. As for the results for the micronuclei test, 53% of the workers showed cellular damage, and the nuclear division index test reported that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the exposed and the control population, which indicated that the exposure time to pesticides in the people of Valle del Mayo can induce alterations which can cause chronic damage.

Quantitative microbial risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in well water from a native community of Mexico.

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are gastrointestinal disease-causing organisms transmitted by the fecal-oral route, zoonotic and prevalent in all socioeconomic segments with greater emphasis in rural communities. The goal of this study was to assess the risk of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis of Potam dwellers consuming drinking water from communal well water. To achieve the goal, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was carried out as follows: (a) identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in well water samples by information collection rule method, (b) assessment of exposure to healthy Potam residents, (c) dose-response modelling, and (d) risk characterization using an exponential model. All well water samples tested were positive for Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The QMRA results indicate a mean of annual risks of 99:100 (0.99) for cryptosporidiosis and 1:1 (1.0) for giardiasis. The outcome of the present study may drive decision-makers to establish an educational and treatment program to reduce the incidence of parasite-borne intestinal infection in the Potam community, and to conduct risk analysis programs in other similar rural communities in Mexico.

Occurrence and quantitative microbial risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in soil and air samples.

BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route and may cause gastrointestinal parasitic zoonoses. These zoonoses are common in rural zones due to the parasites being harbored in fecally contaminated soil. This study assessed the risk of illness (giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis) from inhaling and/or ingesting soil and/or airborne dust in Potam, Mexico. METHODS: To assess the risk of infection, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was employed, with the following steps: (1) hazard identification, (2) hazard exposure, (3) dose-response, and (4) risk characterization. RESULTS: Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were observed in 52% and 57%, respectively, of total soil samples (n=21), and in 60% and 80%, respectively, of air samples (n=12). The calculated annual risks were higher than 9.9 × 10(-1) for both parasites in both types of sample. CONCLUSIONS: Soil and air inhalation and/or ingestion are important vehicles for these parasites. To our knowledge, the results obtained in the present study represent the first QMRAs for cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis due to soil and air inhalation/ingestion in Mexico. In addition, this is the first evidence of the microbial air quality around these parasites in rural zones.