[EuroQol-5D FOR quality of life assessment in cardiac rehabilitation]. / L'EuroQol 5D per la valutazione della qualità della vita in riabilitazione cardiologica.

EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) is a well-known generic instrument measuring quality of life in different diseases; it includes 5 dimensions (mobility, self-care, daily activities, pain-discomfort, anxiety and depression) and a Visual Analogue Scale that evaluates patients' perceived health status. The aim of this study was to verify the utility of the EQ-5D in the Italian Cardiac Rehabilitation setting. The study population consisted of 248 consecutive cardiac rehabilitation inpatients (176 males and 72 females, aged 65.3 +/- 10.75 years), 200 of whom had recently undergone cardiac surgery (aortocoronary by-pass and/or valve replacement). Patients filled in the EQ-5D and A-D schedule (on anxiety and depression) on their second day in hospital. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed the robust nature of the EQ-5D and its mono-factorial structure (EFA: Total Variance 50.39% - CFA: chi2 = 3.596; p approximately equal .60; RMSEA = 00; CFI = 1.00; RMR = .007). The instrument showed a good internal consistency (a .73) despite the limited number of items. T test and ANOVA showed the independence of the EQ-5D dimensions and VAS evaluation with respect to patients' education level, but an influence of age and sex. In general, females reported a lower quality of life than males, and older patients a lower quality of life than younger. Furthermore, cardiac-surgery patients reported more problems in self-care and pain-discomfort than ischemic/heart failure patients, and patients in NYHA Classes III and IV reported more difficulties in mobility than patients in lower NYHA classes. In 15% of patients, of heterogeneous socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, no problems in any of the 5 EQ-5D dimensions were reported: this group was characterised by scores under the clinical cut-off on anxiety and depression and showed a better quality of life on the VAS. Results confirm the robustness of the EuroQol-SD psychometric properties and the instrument's utility for the routine assessment of quality of life in the Italian Cardiac Rehabilitation setting.

[Anxiety and Depression Short Scale: norms for its use in rehabilitation]. / Scheda ansia e depressione forma ridotta: norme per l'utilizzo in ambito riabilitativo.

In the rehabilitation setting it is important to identify clinically significant conditions of distress so as to be able to provide, in addition to the conventional multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment, specific psychotherapeutic interventions targeted to the individual's problems. This paper presents the findings from a psychometric test for the measurement of anxiety and depression (AD-R Scale) administered at the start and end of a rehabilitation program in patients with cardiopulmonary disease. The study population consisted of 765 patients affected by cardiac and pulmonary disease undergoing an in-hospital course of intensive rehabilitation. We observed that AD-R scores are related to sex, age and diseases. Among anxiety and depression scores there are statistically significant differences regarding sex: women achieved higher AD-R scores compared with men. Depression scores are influenced by age: younger subjects reached lower scores compared with the older ones. Among patients with respiratory disease, the subjects affected by chronic respiratory failure showed statistically significant higher depression scores compared to subjects affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma. Anxiety and depression scores among subjects affected by cardiac diseases did not show important differences. At the end of the multidisciplinary rehabilitation program, a significant reduction in both anxiety and depression scores was observed, compared to values at the start, particularly for those that, at the beginning of the rehabilitation program, reached clinically remarkable AD-R scores and in general for the youngest subjects. The paper also presents the means, standard deviations and percentile range of scores for anxiety and depression in the population studied, according to age, sex, underlying pathology or hospital division. The Scale AD-R appears to be a valid instrument for the screening of patients undergoing cardio-pulmonary rehabilitation and as an outcome index.

[Psychological intervention and heart failure: from theory to clinical practice]. / Intervento psicologico e scompenso cardiaco: dalla teoria alla pratica clinica.

The management of chronic heart failure patients is complicated by the presence of multiple comorbid conditions, polypharmacy, psychosocial concerns and difficulties with adherence to complex medication, dietary regimen, smoking cessation and correct physical activity. Taken together, these factors contribute to the persistently high hospitalization and mortality rates as well as to the poor quality of life of these patients. In fact the progressive worsening of symptoms such as fatigue, breathlessness, anxiety and depression may have a negative impact on the patient's quality of life. Nevertheless a psychological intervention may contribute positively to enhance functional capacity and quality of life, and potentially to improve survival in patients with heart failure. On the basis of our experience and the scientific literature, we describe in this paper a psychological program for such patients. The psychometric tests used in the assessment, the psychological interventions to improve emotional reactions and the educational programs for disease management are analysed.

[The usefulness of the clinical interview in the psychological evaluation of the patient with heart failure]. / Utilità del colloquio clinico nella valutazione psicologica del paziente con scompenso cardiaco.

AIM: To develop a model for assessing cognitive-behavioral dysfunction in patients with heart failure, through the analysis of data gathered from clinical interviews. SAMPLE: One hundred sixty-six consecutive inpatients with previous or current heart failure: 125 males and 41 females, mean age 59 +/- 9.3 yrs. METHOD: Three professional psychologists independently analyzed the clinical reports of the interviews. The cognitive-behavioral dysfunction recorded was correlated to age and sex, history of heart failure and cardiac function indices (ejection fraction, NYHA Class). RESULTS: The concordance index among the three psychologists was 97%. Illness management was found to be more difficult for younger subjects (p = 0.03), in those with a longer history of heart failure (p = 0.04) and in those with advanced NYHA class (p = 0.008). An incorrect behavioral style, as defined by the variables "type A", "risk factors", and "vital exhaustion", was significantly correlated with the level of cardiac impairment (ejection fraction) (p = 0.04) and with inadequate illness management (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical interviews seem to be a simple and accurate tool for assessing cognitive behavioral dysfunction in patients with heart failure and for detecting the areas that require further investigation and more adequate psychological support. The key element that emerges with regard to both diagnosis and treatment is a dysadaptive behavioral style, as defined by the "type A" variables, "risk factors" and "vital exhaustion".

[Psychological, behavioral and occupational status changes after an aortocoronary bypass intervention]. / Variazioni psicologiche, comportamentali e di status professionale dopo intervento di bypass aortocoronarico.

BACKGROUND. Studies on the quality of life after coronary artery by-pass grafting (CABG) have yielded discordant results. Several studies have described psychological and social improvements while others have reported a lack of change in behavioural risk factors and return to work. There have been no reports on Italian patients, and, because of the wide range of psychological measures used in previous studies, it is difficult to draw any general conclusions. The aim of this study was to assess the psychological sequelae of CABG. METHODS. A total of 164 patients (142 men and 22 women, aged 60 years) with myocardial ischemia, completed the CBA-H Questionnaire 3-5 days before elective CABG and again after 6 months. RESULTS. State anxiety scores were lower after surgery (p < .000) as were health fears (p < .000), depression (p < .009) and life stress (p < or = .000) scores. There were also improvements in well-being (p < .003), affective relationships (p < .000) and sexual relations (p < .0007). There was a decline in behavioural risk factors, namely: smoking behaviour (p < .09), alcohol consumption (p < .002), over-eating (p < .0000) and sedentary life-style (p < .02). Clinical post-operative complications did not negatively influence patients' psychological state and return to work. Preoperative health fears (p < .04) and social anxiety (p < .02) did influence patients' return to work. CONCLUSIONS. In conclusion, psychosocial function, health state and quality of the life generally improved after elective CABG. Return to work was found to be an unreliable measure of the success of surgery. Pre- and post-operative data revealed a general denial trait which identifies patients at greater risk of cardiovascular events after CABG.

Psychopathological aspects and emotional behavior in right brain-damaged patients.

We investigated 20 right brain-damaged (RBD) patients and 10 controls with chronic motor deficits for differences in anxiety and depression, measured by psychometric tests, and in aspects of emotional behavior, gauged from videorecordings. We found no group differences in the psychometric scores but, when we correlated these with the behavior scores, we found significant differences in the expression of depression (absent only in RBD patients) and in attitude to illness, ie joking and unconcern (present only in RBD patients). In both groups emotional gesture, facial expression and prosody proved on qualitative analysis to be interrelated, thus demonstrating that emotional behavior has a single cortical-subcortical substrate.

Psychosocial responses to disease stimuli: preliminary findings.

In the present study cognitive-verbal differences are evaluated in chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) patients. Nineteen subjects with chronic respiratory failure (CRF) and sixty subjects without CRF completed two psychometric instruments: CBA-2.0 primary scales and the respiratory illness opinion survey. The results show that social and psychological problems are connected to the severity of illness.