Effect of weekly versus daily primaquine on Plasmodium vivax malaria recurrences: A real-life cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Although primaquine (PQ) is indicated for G6PD-deficient patients, data on weekly PQ use in Brazil are limited. METHODS: We aimed to investigate malaria recurrences among participants receiving daily and weekly PQ treatments in a real-life setting of two municipalities in the Amazon between 2019 and 2020. RESULTS: Patients receiving weekly PQ treatment had a lower risk of recurrence than those receiving daily PQ treatment (risk ratio: 0.62, 95% confidence interval: 0.41-0.94), using a model adjusted for study site. CONCLUSIONS: Weekly PQ use did not increase the risk of malaria recurrence. Further studies with larger populations are warranted.

Prevalence of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in highly malaria-endemic municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon: A region-wide screening study.

Background: Difficulties associated with the assessment of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd), particularly in remote areas, hinders the safe use of 8-aminoquinolines such as primaquine (PQ) and tafenoquine against Plasmodium vivax malaria due to the risk of haemolysis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 41 malaria-endemic municipalities of six states in the Brazilian Amazon, between 2014 and 2018. Male individuals were screened for G6PDd using the qualitative Fluorescent Spot Test using fingerpick-collected whole blood samples. Point and interval estimates of the G6PDd prevalence were calculated for each state. Deficient samples were genotyped for the most prevalent variants in the Amazon. Frequencies of P. vivax malaria recurrences were estimated for G6PDd and non-G6PDd patients. Interpretation: This is one of the largest surveys ever conducted in Latin America, covering the entire malaria endemic area in the Brazilian Amazon. These results indicate that an important proportion of the population is at risk of hemolysis if exposed to PQ and its congener drug tafenoquine. The adoption of G6PDd screening protocols is essential to ensure the safety of individuals treated with those drugs and should also be considered when implementing malaria elimination strategies. Findings: A total of 14,847 individuals were included, of which 5.6% presented G6PDd. The state of Acre had the highest G6PDd prevalence (8.3%), followed by Amapá (5.8%), Pará (5.7%), Rondônia (5.4%), Roraima (4.2%) and Amazonas (4.0%). From 828 genotyped samples, African A+ (6.2%), African A- (39.3%) and wild-type (non-African non-Mediterranean; 54.2%) variants were found. A greater proportion of malaria recurrences was found among G6PD deficient individuals [16.7% vs 4.1%, Risk ratio 3.52 (2.16-5.74) p < 0.01]. Funding: Brazilian Ministry of Health; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM).

Effect of weekly versus daily primaquine on Plasmodium vivax malaria recurrences: A real-life cohort study

ABSTRACT Background: Although primaquine (PQ) is indicated for G6PD-deficient patients, data on weekly PQ use in Brazil are limited. Methods: We aimed to investigate malaria recurrences among participants receiving daily and weekly PQ treatments in a real-life setting of two municipalities in the Amazon between 2019 and 2020. Results: Patients receiving weekly PQ treatment had a lower risk of recurrence than those receiving daily PQ treatment (risk ratio: 0.62, 95% confidence interval: 0.41-0.94), using a model adjusted for study site. Conclusions: Weekly PQ use did not increase the risk of malaria recurrence. Further studies with larger populations are warranted.

Correction: Social, demographic, health care and co-morbidity predictors of tuberculosis mortality in Amazonas, Brazil: a multiple cause of death approach.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218359.].

Social, demographic, health care and co-morbidity predictors of tuberculosis mortality in Amazonas, Brazil: a multiple cause of death approach.

OBJECTIVES: Estimate TB mortality rates, catalogue multiple causes on death certificates in which TB was reported and identify predictors of TB from reporting on death certificates in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, based on a multiple cause of death approach. METHODS: The death records of residents in the Amazonas state between 2006-2014 were analyzed and separated into three categories: TB not reported on the death certificate (TBNoR), TB reported as the underlying cause of death (TBUC) and TB reported as an associated cause of death (TBAC). Age standardized annual mortality rates for TBUC, TBAC and with TB reported (TBUC plus TBAC) were estimated for the State of Amazonas using the direct standardization method and World Health Organization 2000-2025 standard population. Mortality odds ratios (OR) for reporting of TBUC and TBAC were estimated using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Age standardized annual TBUC and TBAC mortality rates ranged between 5.9-7.8/105 and 2.7-4.0/105, respectively. TBUC was associated with being a resident in the State capital (OR = 0.66), of female gender (OR = 0.87), having an education level of 8 to 11, or 12 or more school years (OR = 0.67 and 0.50 respectively), non-white race/skin color (OR = 1.38) and place of death reported as in the State capital (OR = 1.69). TBAC was related to the triennium in which death occurred (OR = 1.21 and 1.22 for the years 2009-2011 and 2012-2014 respectively), age (OR = 36.1 and 16.5 for ages 15-39 and 40-64 years respectively) and when death occurred in the State capital (OR = 5.8). CONCLUSIONS: TBUC was predominantly associated with predictors of unfavorable socioeconomic conditions and health care access constraints, whereas TBAC was mainly related to ages which were typical of high HIV disease incidence.

Fatores associados à mortalidade por causas inespecíficas e mal definidas no estado do Amazonas, Brasil, de 2006 a 2012 / Factors associated with unspecified and ill-defined causes of death in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2006 to 2012

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar fatores associados à mortalidade por causas inespecíficas e mal definidas no estado do Amazonas (AM). Desenvolveu-se um estudo seccional incluindo 90.439 registros de óbitos não fetais, com residência e ocorrência no AM entre 2006 e 2012. Foram estimadas razões de chances de causas inespecíficas e mal definidas por meio de regressão logística multinomial hierárquica. A proporção de causas mal definidas e inespecíficas foi, respectivamente, 16,6% e 9,1%. A ocorrência de causas mal definidas diminuiu ao longo dos anos e a de causas inespecíficas somente no último biênio. As causas inespecíficas associaram-se com residência e ocorrência do óbito fora da capital, via pública, sexo feminino, dos 10 aos 49 anos, cor parda e quando atestadas por legistas. As causas mal definidas associaram-se com residência e ocorrência fora da capital, em domicílios, a partir de 40 anos, cor não branca, não ser solteiro, baixa escolaridade, assistência médica e falta de informação sobre o atestante. A mortalidade por causas mal definidas e inespecíficas no AM declinou entre 2006 e 2012, associando-se às dimensões espacial e temporal, fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e à assistência médica na ocasião do óbito.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate factors associated with unspecified and ill-defined causes of death in the State of Amazonas (AM), Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study on 90,439 non-fetal deaths of residents in AM from 2006 to 2012. The hierarchical multinomial logistic model estimated odds ratios of unspecified and ill-defined causes of death. Ill-defined and unspecified causes of death proportional mortality was, respectively, 16.6% and 9.1%. Ill-defined causes showed a decreasing trend over the years, while unspecified causes only decreased in the last two years. Unspecified causes of death were associated with residence and death outside the capital, public roads, female gender, age group 10-49 years, brown skin color and when certified by forensic doctors. Ill-defined causes of death were associated with residence and occurrence outside capital, at home, ages 40 years and older, non-whites, not being single, low schooling, under medical care and when examiner was unknown. Ill-defined and unspecified cause mortality in the State of Amazonas decreased between 2006 and 2012 in AM and was associated with space and time, demographic and socioeconomic factors and medical care at the moment of death.

Factors associated with unspecified and ill-defined causes of death in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2006 to 2012. / Fatores associados à mortalidade por causas inespecíficas e mal definidas no estado do Amazonas, Brasil, de 2006 a 2012.

This study aimed to investigate factors associated with unspecified and ill-defined causes of death in the State of Amazonas (AM), Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study on 90,439 non-fetal deaths of residents in AM from 2006 to 2012. The hierarchical multinomial logistic model estimated odds ratios of unspecified and ill-defined causes of death. Ill-defined and unspecified causes of death proportional mortality was, respectively, 16.6% and 9.1%. Ill-defined causes showed a decreasing trend over the years, while unspecified causes only decreased in the last two years. Unspecified causes of death were associated with residence and death outside the capital, public roads, female gender, age group 10-49 years, brown skin color and when certified by forensic doctors. Ill-defined causes of death were associated with residence and occurrence outside capital, at home, ages 40 years and older, non-whites, not being single, low schooling, under medical care and when examiner was unknown. Ill-defined and unspecified cause mortality in the State of Amazonas decreased between 2006 and 2012 in AM and was associated with space and time, demographic and socioeconomic factors and medical care at the moment of death.

Objetivou-se investigar fatores associados à mortalidade por causas inespecíficas e mal definidas no estado do Amazonas (AM). Desenvolveu-se um estudo seccional incluindo 90.439 registros de óbitos não fetais, com residência e ocorrência no AM entre 2006 e 2012. Foram estimadas razões de chances de causas inespecíficas e mal definidas por meio de regressão logística multinomial hierárquica. A proporção de causas mal definidas e inespecíficas foi, respectivamente, 16,6% e 9,1%. A ocorrência de causas mal definidas diminuiu ao longo dos anos e a de causas inespecíficas somente no último biênio. As causas inespecíficas associaram-se com residência e ocorrência do óbito fora da capital, via pública, sexo feminino, dos 10 aos 49 anos, cor parda e quando atestadas por legistas. As causas mal definidas associaram-se com residência e ocorrência fora da capital, em domicílios, a partir de 40 anos, cor não branca, não ser solteiro, baixa escolaridade, assistência médica e falta de informação sobre o atestante. A mortalidade por causas mal definidas e inespecíficas no AM declinou entre 2006 e 2012, associando-se às dimensões espacial e temporal, fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e à assistência médica na ocasião do óbito.