ABSTRACT
Abstract@#Bloodletting is a medical tradition that probably began in prehistoric times. Its rationale was based on the belief that removing blood eliminated “impure blood”. From antiquity until the beginning of the 20th century, bloodletting was considered a panacea, and it was the most common and versatile form of medical treatment. Not only was it believed to cure the sick, but also to promote vigor in the healthy. Some of the antient books of traditional medicine noted that the bloodletting tools is very importance when opening a vessel in order to bleed. Traditional medical bloodletting tools are one of the oldest archeological findings, and researchers have found many types of bloodletting tools in our country dated back thousands of years. Therefore, research on bloodletting tools an important component of bloodletting therapy, is of theoretical and practical importance. The location, indications, and tools of bloodletting therapy and bloodletting vessels are described in detail in the “Subsequent Tantra” of “Four Medical Tantras”, and its commentaries: Dar mo sman rams pa blo bzang chos grags “Dka’ phreng mun sel sgron”, Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho “Be edurya sngon po” and Luvsanchoinpil “Gces btus snying nor” so on. The first Mongolian surgical work is directly related to the historical tradition of bloodletting therapy. It is now known that the stone needles, which was discovered in the 3000th millennium BCE, may have originated from the Mongolia used to use in medicine as bloodletting tools. In the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, Mongolian medical bloodletting tools were passed down through India and Tibet medical books, and later the science of surgery and bloodletting therapy became more sophisticated and comprehensive knowledge. At the same time, it is clear that there is every reason to say that it has been enriched by the medical knowledge of the neighboring countries and improved by their own experience.
ABSTRACT
Regardless the possession of any graduation and qualifications anywhere in order to train the doctors and medical professionals with the capabilities to work in any places there are the needs of the knowledgeable mentors to teach their knowledge, abilities and trends to the students in national, regional and international levels. This survey was started to determine the needs of the skills development of the mentors of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences under the mission to make it as one of the best 100 medical universities in the Asia-Pacific region and in order to create the favorable environment to accelerate the development of the university and creating a team consists from qualified mentors and researchers by improving the trainings, researches and clinical favorable environment including the quality improvement of the activities.The total of 333 mentors from the 5 structures and 3 branches of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were surveyed to be developed by the University of Michigan including the use of the widely used questionnaires in the universities consisting from 7 groups and 81 questions to determine the needs of the mentors.The working range of the best medical mentors including their needs of the skills was studied. The 55.7% (50.4-61.0%) of the mentors included in the survey were told that the facilitation of the learning needed, 82.4% (78.3-86.5%) as the role models needed, 79.9% (75.6-84.2%) as the provision of the information is needed, 76.3% (71.7-80.9%) as 82.8% (78.8-86.9%) as the planning needed and 81.0% (76.8-85.2%) as the assessment of the training is needed.There is a need to develop the skills related to the 6 frameworks as the learning facilitation for the mentors, role model providers, information providers, resource developers, planners and assessors.
ABSTRACT
Fusion of enveloped viruses with their target membrane is mediated by viral integral glycoproteins. A conformational change of their ectodomain triggers membrane fusion. Several studies suggest that an extended, triple-stranded rod-shaped alpha-helical coiled coil resembles a common structural and functional motif of the ectodomain of fusion proteins. From that, it is believed that essential features of the fusion process are conserved among the various enveloped viruses. However, this has not been established so far for the highly conserved transmembrane and intraviral sequences of fusion proteins. The article will focus on the role of both sequences in the fusion process. Recent studies from various enveloped viruses strongly imply that a transmembrane domain with a minimum length is required for later steps of membrane fusion, i.e., the formation and enlargement of the aqueous fusion pore. Although no specific sequence of the TM is necessary for pore formation, distinct properties and motifs of the domain may be obligatory to ascertain full fusion activity. However, with some exceptions, the intraviral domain seems to be not required for fusion activity of viral fusion proteins.
