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1.
Can J Vet Res ; 77(4): 261-72, 2013 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24124268

ABSTRACT

Lawsonia intracellularis infection causes proliferative enteropathy (PE) in many mammalian species, with porcine and equine proliferative enteropathy (PPE and EPE) known worldwide. Hamsters are a well-published animal model for PPE infection studies in pigs. There is no laboratory animal model for EPE infection studies and it is not known whether there is species-specificity for equine or porcine isolates of L. intracellularis in animal models. The objective of this study was to determine whether it is possible to generate typical EPE lesions in hamsters after inoculation with an equine strain of L. intracellularis (EPE strain) and whether it is comparatively possible to generate PPE lesions in rabbits after inoculation with a porcine strain of L. intracellularis (PPE strain). In 2 separate trials, 4-week-old and 3-week-old weanling golden Syrian hamsters were challenged with EPE strains and compared to uninfected (both trials) and PPE-infected controls (Trial 2 only). Concurrently, 6 female New Zealand white juvenile rabbits were infected with PPE strain and observed concomitantly to 8 similar rabbits infected with EPE strain for a different experiment. Hamsters and rabbits were observed for 21 to 24 days post-infection (DPI), depending on the experiment. Neither infected species developed clinical signs. The presence of disease was assessed with diagnostic techniques classically used for pigs and horses: immune-peroxidase monolayer assay on sera; quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection of molecular DNA in feces; and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on intestinal tissues. Our results showed that EPE-challenged hamsters do not develop infection when compared with PPE controls (IHC, P = 0.009; qPCR, P = 0.0003). Conversely, PPE-challenged rabbits do not develop typical intestinal lesions in comparison to EPE-challenged rabbits, with serological response at 14 DPI being significantly lower (P = 0.0023). In conclusion, PPE and EPE strains appear to have different host-specificities for hamsters and rabbits, respectively.


L'infection par Lawsonia intracellularis provoque une entéropathie proliférative chez de nombreuses espèces de mammifères; celle des porcins (EPP) et des équidés (EEP) sont connues mondialement. Les hamsters sont un modèle animal bien connu pour l'étude de l'EPP. Il n'existe pas de modèle animal de laboratoire pour étudier l'EEP, et on ne sait pas s'il y a spécificité d'espèce pour les isolats équins ou porcins de L. intracellularis dans des modèles animaux. L'objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer s'il est possible de générer des lésions typiques d'EEP chez les hamsters après inoculation d'une souche équine de L. intracellularis (souche EEP) et s'il est également possible de générer des lésions d'EPP chez des lapins après inoculation d'une souche porcine de L. intracellularis (souche EPP). Dans 2 essais séparés, des hamsters dorés syriens sevrés âgés de 4 semaines et de 3 semaines ont été inoculés avec des souches EEP, et ont été comparés à des témoins non infectés (les deux essais) et à des témoins infectés avec EPP (essai 2 seulement). Parallèlement, 6 jeunes lapines Nouvelle-Zélande ont été infectées par la souche EEP et observées de façon concomitante à 8 lapins similaires infectés par la souche EPP pour une expérience différente. Les hamsters et les lapins ont été observés pendant 21 à 24 jours après l'infection (JAI), en fonction de l'expérience. Aucune des espèces infectées n'a développé de signes cliniques. La présence de maladie a été évaluée par des techniques classiques de diagnostic utilisées pour les porcs et les chevaux : l'essai par immuno-peroxydase sur monocouche pour les sérums; la détection par réaction d'amplification en chaîne par la polymérase quantitative (qPCR) de l'ADN moléculaire dans les selles; la coloration hématoxyline-éosine et l'immunohistochimie (IHC) sur des tissus intestinaux. Nos résultats ont montré que les hamsters inoculés avec EEP ne développent pas d'infection comparativement aux EPP témoins (IHC P = 0,009; qPCR P = 0,0003). À l'inverse, les lapins inoculés avec EPP ne développent pas des lésions intestinales typiques comparativement aux lapins inoculés avec EEP, avec une réponse sérologique à 14 JAI significativement plus faible (P = 0,0023). En conclusion, les souches d'EPP et d'EEP semblent avoir des spécificités d'hôte différentes chez les hamsters et les lapins, respectivement.(Traduit par Dr. J.M. Dhillon).


Subject(s)
Desulfovibrionaceae Infections/veterinary , Horse Diseases/microbiology , Intestinal Diseases/veterinary , Lawsonia Bacteria/isolation & purification , Swine Diseases/microbiology , Animals , Cricetinae , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Desulfovibrionaceae Infections/immunology , Desulfovibrionaceae Infections/microbiology , Disease Models, Animal , Feces/microbiology , Female , Horse Diseases/immunology , Horses , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Intestinal Diseases/immunology , Intestinal Diseases/microbiology , Lawsonia Bacteria/genetics , Mesocricetus , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Rabbits , Random Allocation , Species Specificity , Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms , Statistics, Nonparametric , Swine , Swine Diseases/immunology
2.
Can J Vet Res ; 77(2): 110-9, 2013 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24082402

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the susceptibility of rabbits to Lawsonia intracellularis obtained from a case of clinical equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE). This is a preliminary step toward developing a rabbit infection model for studying pathogenesis and therapy of EPE in horses. Nine does were equally assigned to 3 groups. Animals in 2 groups (Group 1 and Group 2) were orally inoculated with different doses of cell-cultured L. intracellularis. Controls (Group 3) were sham-inoculated. Feces and blood were collected before the rabbits were infected and at 7, 14, and 21 days post-infection (DPI). Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured using an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) and fecal samples were analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A doe from each group was euthanized at 7, 14, and 21 DPI for collection and evaluation of intestinal samples. Tissues were stained by routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) method and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with L. intracellularis-specific mouse monoclonal antibody. At 14 DPI, serologic responses were detected in both infected groups, which maintained high titers through to 21 DPI. Lawsonia intracellularis DNA was detected in the feces of Group 2 on 7 DPI and in both infected groups on 14 DPI. Gross lesions were apparent in Group 1 and Group 2 on 14 DPI. Immunohistochemistry confirmed L. intracellularis antigen within cells of rabbits in Group 1 and Group 2 on 7, 14, and 21 DPI. No lesions, serologic response, shedding, or IHC labeling were found in Group 3 rabbits. This study describes an EPE rabbit model that simulates natural infection, as typical lesions, immune response, and fecal shedding were present.


Cette étude visait à démontrer la susceptibilité des lapins à Lawsonia intracellularis obtenu d'un cas clinique d'entéropathie proliférative équine (EPE). Ceci est une étape préliminaire dans le développement d'un modèle d'infection chez le lapin pour étudier la pathogénie et le traitement de l'EPE chez les chevaux. Neuf lapines ont été assignées également à 3 groupes. Les animaux dans deux groupes (Groupe 1 et Groupe 2) ont été inoculés oralement avec différentes doses de L. intracellularis cultivés sur cellules. Les témoins (Groupe 3) étaient faussement inoculés. Des fèces et du sang ont été prélevés avant que les lapins soient infectés et aux jours 7, 14 et 21 post-infection (DPI). Les titres sériques d'immunoglobulines G (IgG) ont été mesurés par une épreuve d'immunoperoxydase en monocouche (IPMA) et les échantillons de fèces ont été analysés par réaction quantitative d'amplification en chaîne par la polymérase (qPCR). Une lapine de chaque groupe a été euthanasiée 7, 14 et 21 DPI pour prélèvement et évaluation d'échantillons intestinaux. Les tissus étaient colorés à l'aide d'hématoxyline et éosine (H&E) et en immunohistochime (IHC) avec un anticorps monoclonal de souris spécifique à L. intracellularis. Au jour 14 post-infection, une réponse sérologique a été détectée chez les animaux des deux groupes infectés, et des titres élevés ont été maintenus jusqu'à 21 DPI. De l'ADN de L. intracellularis fut détecté dans les fèces du Groupe 2 au jour 7 PI et dans les 2 groupes infectés au jour 14 PI. Des lésions macroscopiques étaient apparentes dans le Groupe 1 et le Groupe 2 au jour 14 PI. L'immunohistochime a confirmé la présence d'antigène de L. intracellularis à l'intérieur des cellules de lapins dans les Groupes 1 et 2 aux jours 7, 14 et 21 PI. Aucune lésion, réponse sérologique, excrétion, ou marquage en IHC n'ont été trouvés chez les lapins du Groupe 3. La présente étude décrit un modèle lapin d'EPE qui imite l'infection naturelle, étant donné la présence de lésions typiques, de réponse immunitaire et d'excrétion fécale.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).


Subject(s)
Desulfovibrionaceae Infections/veterinary , Enteritis/veterinary , Horse Diseases/microbiology , Lawsonia Bacteria , Rabbits , Animals , Enteritis/microbiology , Enteritis/pathology , Feces/microbiology , Female , Horses , Jejunal Diseases/microbiology , Jejunal Diseases/pathology , Jejunal Diseases/veterinary , Jejunum/pathology , Polymerase Chain Reaction
3.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother ; 57(11): 5197-201, 2013 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23877680

ABSTRACT

A mouse model of cystitis caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli was used to study the distribution of gallium in bladder tissue following oral administration of gallium maltolate during urinary tract infection. The median concentration of gallium in homogenized bladder tissue from infected mice was 1.93 µg/g after daily administration of gallium maltolate for 5 days. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging and X-ray absorption spectroscopy of bladder sections confirmed that gallium arrived at the transitional epithelium, a potential site of uropathogenic E. coli infection. Gallium and iron were similarly but not identically distributed in the tissues, suggesting that at least some distribution mechanisms are not common between the two elements. The results of this study indicate that gallium maltolate may be a suitable candidate for further development as a novel antimicrobial therapy for urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic E. coli.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Cystitis/drug therapy , Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy , Organometallic Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Pyrones/pharmacokinetics , Urinary Bladder/drug effects , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Urothelium/drug effects , Administration, Oral , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Cystitis/microbiology , Cystitis/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Administration Schedule , Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Escherichia coli Infections/pathology , Female , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Organometallic Compounds/pharmacology , Pyrones/pharmacology , Synchrotrons , Urinary Bladder/microbiology , Urinary Bladder/pathology , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , Urinary Tract Infections/pathology , Uropathogenic Escherichia coli/drug effects , Uropathogenic Escherichia coli/growth & development , Urothelium/microbiology , Urothelium/pathology , X-Rays
4.
Can Vet J ; 52(2): 153-7, 2011 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21532820

ABSTRACT

This study characterized the antimicrobial susceptibility of 221 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various species, and 60 canine Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from 1986 through 2000 at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM). Resistance of S. aureus was most common to penicillin (31%) and tetracycline (14%); resistance of S. pseudintermedius to penicillin was present in 8% and to tetracycline in 34% of isolates. Resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was only seen among S. pseudintermedius, and there was no resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, cephalothin, amikacin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, or rifampin among any isolate. Inducible clindamycin resistance was found in both S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, highlighting the need for careful interpretation of culture and susceptibility test results. There were significant differences in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline between avian, bovine, equine, and porcine isolates.


Subject(s)
Animal Diseases/drug therapy , Animal Diseases/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary , Staphylococcus/drug effects , Animals , Birds , Cattle , Dog Diseases/drug therapy , Dog Diseases/microbiology , Dogs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Horses , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary , Species Specificity , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Swine
6.
Can Vet J ; 49(10): 985-90, 2008 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19119366

ABSTRACT

Between January 2002 and June 2007, uropathogens were isolated from 473 of 1557 canine urine samples submitted to Prairie Diagnostic Services from the Western College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Culture and susceptibility results were analyzed, retrospectively, to estimate the prevalence of common bacterial uropathogens in dogs with urinary tract infections and to identify changes in antimicrobial resistance. The most common pathogens identified were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus intermedius, Enterococcus spp., and Proteus spp. Antimicrobial resistance increased during the study period, particularly among recurrent E. coli isolates. Using the formula to help select rational antimicrobial therapy (FRAT), bacterial isolates were most likely to be susceptible to gentamicin, fluoroquinolones, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and groups 4 and 5 (third generation) cephalosporins.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacterial Infections/veterinary , Dog Diseases/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary , Animals , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Canada/epidemiology , Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary , Dog Diseases/drug therapy , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dogs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Enterococcus/drug effects , Enterococcus/growth & development , Escherichia coli/growth & development , Female , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary , Prevalence , Proteus/drug effects , Proteus/growth & development , Retrospective Studies , Staphylococcus/drug effects , Staphylococcus/growth & development , Treatment Outcome , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Urinary Tract Infections/epidemiology , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , Urine/microbiology
7.
Nurs Outlook ; 55(6): 275-81, 2007.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18061011

ABSTRACT

Post-doctoral education has become a necessity for new nursing doctoral graduates. However, post-doctoral positions are limited and nurse scientists may face barriers that make non-traditional programs necessary. This study describes the outcomes of the Summer Nursing Research Institute (SNRI), an alternative post-doctoral educational program, reports formative perceptions of SNRI participants, and illustrates the efficacy and limitations of the model with selected summative research related outcomes. Participants between 1997 and 2006 were asked to evaluate the experience while attending the Institute (formative evaluation) and an overall summative evaluation was also conducted. Evaluations indicate that participants gained knowledge, skills, and networking abilities in terms of conducting research with vulnerable populations. A program like the SNRI can be successful in widening the research pipeline, in imparting knowledge, and in fostering positive attitudes as well as in improving research skills.


Subject(s)
Education, Nursing, Graduate/organization & administration , Faculty, Nursing/organization & administration , Models, Educational , Nursing Research , Preceptorship/organization & administration , Vulnerable Populations , Academies and Institutes/organization & administration , Attitude of Health Personnel , Cohort Studies , Fellowships and Scholarships/organization & administration , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Status Disparities , Humans , Interprofessional Relations , Mentors/psychology , Nursing Research/education , Nursing Research/organization & administration , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Pennsylvania , Professional Competence/standards , Program Evaluation , Research Personnel/education , Research Personnel/psychology , Social Support , Surveys and Questionnaires , Training Support/organization & administration
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