Complementary and alternative medicine for prevention and treatment of the common cold.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence supporting complementary and alternative medicine approaches to treatment and prevention of the common cold in adults. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched from January 1966 to September 2009 combining the key words common cold or influenza with echinacea, garlic, ginseng, probiotics, vitamin C, and zinc. Clinical trials and prospective studies were included. MAIN MESSAGE: For prevention, vitamin C demonstrated benefit in a large meta-analysis, with possibly increased benefit in patients subjected to cold stress. There is inconsistent evidence for Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Allicin was highly effective in 1 small trial. For treatment, Echinacea purpurea is the most consistently useful variety; it was effective in 5 of 6 trials. Zinc lozenges were effective in 5 of 9 trials, likely owing to dose and formulation issues. Overall, the evidence suggests no benefit from probiotics for prevention or treatment of the common cold. CONCLUSION: Vitamin C can be recommended to Canadian patients for prevention of the common cold. There is moderate evidence supporting the use of Echinacea purpurea and zinc lozenges for treatment. Ginseng and allicin warrant further research.

Dynamics of ovarian development in the FORKO immature mouse: structural and functional implications for ovarian reserve.

Adult Follitropin Receptor Knockout (FORKO) female mice are infertile and estrogen deficient. In order to understand the peri/postnatal developmental changes, we have now characterized the structural and molecular aberrations by comparing several markers of follicular development in 2-, 10-, and 24-day-old wild-type and FORKO females. By Day 24, FORKO mice have 40%-50% smaller uteri and vaginas. Estradiol is undetectable but testosterone and LH levels are already elevated at this age. FORKO ovaries are 45% smaller, indicating a postnatal or perinatal deficit consequent to FSH receptor ablation. This is attributable to decreased numbers of growing follicles and reduced diameter. Developmental markers, such as Müllerian inhibiting substance, GATA-4, estrogen receptor beta, and androgen receptor, were differentially expressed in granulosa cells. In the 2-day-old mutant neonates, a faster recruitment process was noted that later slowed down, impeding development of follicles. This is noteworthy in light of the controversy regarding the direct role of FSH/receptor system as a determinant of small and preantral follicle development in rodents. As the pool of nongrowing primordial follicles specifies the duration of female fertility and timing of reproductive senescence, we believe that the postnatal FORKO female mouse could help in exploring the signals that impact on early folliculogenesis. In addition, our data suggest that the FSH/receptor system is a major contributor to the formation and recruitment of the nongrowing pool of follicles as early as Postnatal Day 2 in the mouse.

Developmental and molecular aberrations associated with deterioration of oogenesis during complete or partial follicle-stimulating hormone receptor deficiency in mice.

Targeted disruption of the mouse FSH receptor gene (FSH-R) that mediates the action of the FSH results in a gene dose-related ovarian phenotype in the developing as well as the adult animal. While null females (FORKO) are sterile, the haplo-insufficient mice experience early reproductive senescence. The purpose of this study was to first record changes in oocyte development in the null FORKO and haplo-insufficient mice. Oocyte growth is significantly retarded in the null mutants with thinner zona pellucida in preantral follicles, but thicker zona pellucida in secondary follicles. This morphometric change indicates developmental aberrations in coordination of the germ cell (oocyte) and the somatic granulosa cell (GC) compartments. Markers for primordial germ cell proliferation and oocyte growth, such as the c-Kit/Kit-ligand and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) were downregulated in both null and +/- ovaries, suggesting disrupted communication between oocyte and GCs. Extensive changes in the expression of other oocyte-specific gene products like the zona pellucida glycoproteins (zona pellucida A, B, and C) indicate major alteration in the extracellular matrix surrounding the germ cells. This led to leaky germ cells that allowed infiltration of somatic cells. These results show that the loss of FSH-R signaling alters the follicular environment, where oocyte-granulosa interactions are perturbed, creating an out-of-phase germ cell and somatic cell development. We believe that these data provide an experimental paradigm to explore the mechanisms responsible for preserving the structural integrity and quality of oocytes at different ages.