Neighbourhoods and oral health: Agent-based modelling of tooth decay.

This research used proof of concept agent-based models to test various theoretical mechanisms by which neighbourhoods may influence tooth decay in adults. Theoretical pathways were constructed using existing literature and tested in two study areas in Sheffield, UK. The models found a pathway between shops and sugar consumption had the most influence on adult tooth decay scores, revealing that similar mechanisms influence this outcome in different populations. This highlighted the importance of the interactions between neighbourhood features and individual level variables in influencing outcomes in tooth decay. Further work is required to improve the accuracy and reliability of the models.

The effects of socioeconomic incongruity in the neighbourhood on social support, self-esteem and mental health in England.

Analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics and health indicators consistently show that health is worse in poorer neighbourhoods. However, some studies that examined neighbourhood effects separately for individuals of different socioeconomic position found that poor people may derive health benefits from living in poor neighbourhoods where they are socioeconomically congruous. This study investigates whether such patterns may be driven by psychosocial factors. The sample consisted of 4871 mothers in the Millennium Cohort Study aged 14-53. The outcomes analysed were neighbourhood friendship, emotional support, self-esteem and depression or anxiety. Neighbourhood status was classified by residents' educational and occupational status derived from the 2001 Census. We used multilevel logistic regression, adjusting for mothers' socio-demographic characteristics: first analysing health by neighbourhood status separately for the highest and lowest status mothers, then testing for modification in the association between neighbourhood status and health, by individual status. Results show that for highest status mothers, living in mixed or high status neighbourhoods compared to low status neighbourhoods significantly reduced the odds of having no friends in the neighbourhood by 65%. Living in high status neighbourhoods compared to low status neighbourhoods also significantly reduced the odds of depression or anxiety for highest status mothers by 41%. No associations were found for emotional support or self-esteem amongst highest status mothers. No associations were found for any outcome among lowest status mothers. In conclusion, low status mothers in England did not have better social support, self-esteem, or mental health when living in low status neighbourhoods compared to high status neighbourhoods; any benefits of socioeconomic congruity may have been counteracted by neighbourhood deprivation. Nevertheless, we found that mothers of high status do have significantly better neighbourhood friendship and mental health when living in socioeconomic congruity within neighbourhoods. Whether these associations are causal or are another reflection of material advantage remains unclear.

On line gamma-ray spectrometry at open sea.

Set up and application of a stationary monitoring network for measuring specific gamma- activities in the Aegean Sea are described. Three NaI scintillator based spectrometers have been used to detect the gamma rays. The gross counting rate of each system was found to be nearly constant, when there was no rainfall. The volumetric activity of the natural gamma-ray emitter 40K in open sea varied from 12,200 to 13,000 Bq/m3. The counting rate for 1461 keV 40K radiation was measured by intercalibration with an appropriate salinity sensor mounted close to the NaI-detector system. A simple relation between the counting rate and the salt concentration has been observed. The amount of the artificial radioactivity from 137Cs was increased up to seven times higher after strong rainfall, compared to the radiation level as given in literature (3.5-5.5 Bq/m3), while the 214Bi counting rate was increased up to ten times compared to the data without rainfall.

[Heart failure at a large tertiary hospital of São Paulo]. / Insuficiência cardíaca em grande hospital terciário de São Paulo.

PURPOSE: To study the incidence, main causes, aggravating factors and secondary diagnoses of heart failure (HF) during 1995 at the Instituto do Coração of São Paulo. METHODS: Data from hospitalized patients according to the PRODESP data base were analyzed. The following data were studied; age, sex, principal and secondary diagnoses, surgical procedures and mortality. To analyze the data, tables according to sex, age and main cause were built. Analysis of variance and t test were employed to verify differences between groups. RESULTS: In 1995, 903 out of 9620 patients were hospitalized due to HF. The majority were male (60.4%) and the patients' age was between two days and 98 years old (mean 52.6). Ischemic (32.6), dilated (25.8%) and valvar heart disease (22%) were the main causes of HF. 32.1% were submitted to correction of the HF main cause, specially those with valvar heart disease (62.3%). There was greater incidence of multiple diagnoses in aged patients. The mortality was greater in patients younger than 20 and in those older than 80 years old. CONCLUSION: The incidence of HF at INCOR during 1995 was 9.38%. Ischemic myocardiopathy was the most frequent HF cause. The mortality was greater among children, probably because of heart disease complexity and, in the above-80 group due to the greater comorbidity.

Insuficiência cardíaca em grande hospital terciário de São Paulo / Heart failure in a large tertiary hospital of São Paulo

OBJETIVO - Verificar a incidência, principais causas, fatores desencadeantes ou de piora da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) no ano de 1995, no Instituto do Coração de São Paulo. MÉTODOS - Foram analisados os registros referentes a pacientes internados, obtidos do banco de dados da PRODESP. Analisaram-se nos pacientes co IC os dados: idade, sexo, diagnóstico principal e secundários, procedimentos executados e óbitos. Para fim de análise, construiram-se tabelas de distribuição conforme o sexo, idade e diagnóstico principal. Análise de variância e teste do qui-quadrado foram empregados para verificar diferença entre os grupos estudados. RESULTADOS - Dos pacientes internados (903 de 9620) 9,38 'por cento' apresentaram IC. As idades variaram de 2 dias a 98 (média 52,6) anos e a maioria era do sexo masculino (60,4 'por cento'). Miocardiopatia isquêmica (32,6 'por cento'), miocardiopatia dilatada (25,8 'por cento') e valvopatias (22,0 'por cento') foram as principais causas de IC. Foram submetidos à cirurgia, angioplastia, ou implante de marcapasso, 32,1 'por cento' dos pacientes, sendo os valvopatas na maioria submetidos à correção de sua cardiopatia de base (63,3 'por cento'). Houve maior incidência de múltiplos diagnósticos secundários com o aumento da idade. A mortalidade foi maior nos com idade <20 anos e nos >80anos. CONCLUSÄO - A incidência de IC foi de 9,38 'por cento', sendo miocardiopatia isquêmica a causa mais freqüente. Foi possível corrigir a causa da IC em 32,1 'por cento'. A mortalidade foi maior nas crianças provavelmente pela maior complexidade de sua cardiopatia e nos mais idosos devido à maior associação de diagnósticos secundários ou fatores agravantes.

Capacidade funcional máxima e função diastólica em portadores de cardiomiopatia chagásica sem insuficiência cardíaca congestiva / Maximal functinsl capacity and diastolic function in patients with cardiomyopathy due to Chagas'disease without congestive heart failure

OBJETIVO - Identificar disfunçöes cardíacas precoces em pacientes assintomáticos com cardiomiopatia chagásica. MÉTODOS - Foram estudados 38 indivíduos masculinos, sendo o grupo controle constituído de 20 indivíduos sedentários normais e o grupo Chagas de 18 pacientes assintomáticos, portadores da doença de Chagas, com eletrocardiograma alterado e fração de encurtamento (DD) normal ao ecocardiograma. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos à avaliação da capacidade funcional máxima, com medidas do máximo de oxigênio (PO2max), ventilação máxima (VEmax), freqüência cardíaca máxima (FCmax), e limiar anaeróbico do VO2max (LA-VO2). A função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo foi avaliada pelo ecocardiograma convencional (ondas E e A além da relação E/A). RESULTADOS - Não ocorreram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos em relação ao DD (p=0,212) e a idade média (p=0,060). Houve diferença significativa (p<0,001) em relação aos parâmetros VO2max, PO2max, VEmax, FCmax, LA-VO2, onda E e relação E/A. Não houve significância (p=0,520) em relação a onda A. CONCLUSÄO - O comprometimento na função ventricular pode contribuir para as diferenças acima mencionadas, como conseqüência de disfunção sistólica e diastólica.

[Radiological findings in endomyocardial fibrosis]. / Aspectos radiológicos da endomiocardiofibrose.

PURPOSE: To determine through conventional radiology the type of ventricular involvement in endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF). METHODS: We analyzed 56 cases with EMF confirmed by angiocardiography and 9 by postmortem study, aged between 16 and 56 years (mean 32); there were 42 females. Only one radiologist analyzed X-rays without any knowledge of the cineangiography findings. RESULTS: The right side of the heart was primarily involved in 9 patients and the cardiac silhouette was characteristically globular and had oligemic pulmonary fields (66.66%). The cardiothoracic ratio was 0.62 +/- 0.11. Out of 9 patients, 8 were female. The left side of the heart was established as being primarily involved in 11 cases and simulated rheumatic mitral disease. The cardiothoracic ratio was 0.51 +/- 0.09 and there were increased pulmonary fields in 63.6%. The biventricular disease occurred in 36 cases. There were radiologic findings of right and left side. The cardiothoracic ratio was 0.63 +/- 0.06 and there was oligemic pulmonary fields in 38.8%, increased pulmonary fields in 33.3% and was normal in 27.7%. There were 4:1 females. CONCLUSION: The radiological study is fundamental in the initial diagnosis of EMF. The type of involvement could be done in 66.07% of all cases by chest X-ray.

[Maximal functional capacity and diastolic function in patients with cardiomyopathy due to Chagas' disease without congestive heart failure]. / Capacidade funcional máxima e função diastólica em portadores de cardiomiopatia chagásica sem insuficiência cardíaca congestiva.

PURPOSE: To identify early cardiac dysfunctions in asymptomatic patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy. METHODS: We studied 38 male individuals: control group consisting of 20 sedentary normal individuals and Chagas' group, of 18 asymptomatic patients with Chagas' disease, with suggestive electrocardiographic alterations and normal fractional shortening (FS) on echocardiogram. Both groups were submitted to evaluation of the maximal functional capacity, with measurements of maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), O2-pulse rate (PO2max), maximal ventilation (VEmax), maximal heart rate (HRmax), and anaerobic threshold of the VO2max (VO2-AT). Left ventricular diastolic function was evaluated by conventional echocardiography (E wave, A wave and E/A ratio). RESULTS: No significant differences occurred between the two groups with regard to FS (p = 0.212) and age means (p = 0.060). The 2 groups were significantly different (p < 0.001) regarding the parameters VO2max, PO2max, VEmax, HRmax and VO2-AT, E wave and E/A ratio. There was no difference (p = 0.520) in A wave. CONCLUSION: Impaired ventricular function may account for the above mentioned differences, a consequence of both systolic and diastolic dysfunctions.