Interindividual Age-Independent Differences in Human CX43 Impact Ventricular Arrhythmic Risk.

Connexin 43 (CX43) is one of the major components of gap junctions, the structures responsible for the intercellular communication and transmission of the electrical impulse in the left ventricle. There is limited information on the histological changes of CX43 with age and their effect on electrophysiology, especially in humans. Here, we analyzed left ventricular biopsies from living donors starting at midlife to characterize age-related CX43 remodeling. We assessed its quantity, degree of lateralization, and spatial heterogeneity together with fibrotic deposition. We observed no significant age-related remodeling of CX43. Only spatial heterogeneity increased slightly with age, and this increase was better explained by biological age than by chronological age. Importantly, we found that CX43 features varied considerably among individuals in our population with no relevant relationship to age or fibrosis content, in contrast to animal species. We used our experimental results to feed computational models of human ventricular electrophysiology and to assess the effects of interindividual differences in specific features of CX43 and fibrosis on conduction velocity, action potential duration, and arrhythmogenicity. We found that larger amounts of fibrosis were associated with the highest arrhythmic risk, with this risk being increased when fibrosis deposition was combined with a reduction in CX43 amount and/or with an increase in CX43 spatial heterogeneity. These mechanisms underlying high arrhythmic risk in some individuals were not associated with age in our study population. In conclusion, our data rule out CX43 remodeling as an age-related arrhythmic substrate in the population beyond midlife, but highlight its potential as a proarrhythmic factor at the individual level, especially when combined with increased fibrosis.

Analysis of age-related left ventricular collagen remodeling in living donors: Implications in arrhythmogenesis.

Age-related fibrosis in the left ventricle (LV) has been mainly studied in animals by assessing collagen content. Using second-harmonic generation microscopy and image processing, we evaluated amount, aggregation and spatial distribution of LV collagen in young to old pigs, and middle-age and elder living donors. All collagen features increased when comparing adult and old pigs with young ones, but not when comparing adult with old pigs or middle-age with elder individuals. Remarkably, all collagen parameters strongly correlated with lipofuscin, a biological age marker, in humans. By building patient-specific models of human ventricular tissue electrophysiology, we confirmed that amount and organization of fibrosis modulated arrhythmia vulnerability, and that distribution should be accounted for arrhythmia risk assessment. In conclusion, we characterize the age-associated changes in LV collagen and its potential implications for ventricular arrhythmia development. Consistency between pig and human results substantiate the pig as a relevant model of age-related LV collagen dynamics.

Chronological and biological aging of the human left ventricular myocardium: Analysis of microRNAs contribution.

Aging is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In humans, cardiac aging remains poorly characterized. Most studies are based on chronological age (CA) and disregard biological age (BA), the actual physiological age (result of the aging rate on the organ structure and function), thus yielding potentially imperfect outcomes. Deciphering the molecular basis of ventricular aging, especially by BA, could lead to major progresses in cardiac research. We aim to describe the transcriptome dynamics of the aging left ventricle (LV) in humans according to both CA and BA and characterize the contribution of microRNAs, key transcriptional regulators. BA is measured using two CA-associated transcriptional markers: CDKN2A expression, a cell senescence marker, and apparent age (AppAge), a highly complex transcriptional index. Bioinformatics analysis of 132 LV samples shows that CDKN2A expression and AppAge represent transcriptomic changes better than CA. Both BA markers are biologically validated in relation to an aging phenotype associated with heart dysfunction, the amount of cardiac fibrosis. BA-based analyses uncover depleted cardiac-specific processes, among other relevant functions, that are undetected by CA. Twenty BA-related microRNAs are identified, and two of them highly heart-enriched that are present in plasma. We describe a microRNA-gene regulatory network related to cardiac processes that are partially validated in vitro and in LV samples from living donors. We prove the higher sensitivity of BA over CA to explain transcriptomic changes in the aging myocardium and report novel molecular insights into human LV biological aging. Our results can find application in future therapeutic and biomarker research.

Minimally invasive system to reliably characterize ventricular electrophysiology from living donors.

Cardiac tissue slices preserve the heterogeneous structure and multicellularity of the myocardium and allow its functional characterization. However, access to human ventricular samples is scarce. We aim to demonstrate that slices from small transmural core biopsies collected from living donors during routine cardiac surgery preserve structural and functional properties of larger myocardial specimens, allowing accurate electrophysiological characterization. In pigs, we compared left ventricular transmural core biopsies with transmural tissue blocks from the same ventricular region. In humans, we analyzed transmural biopsies and papillary muscles from living donors. All tissues were vibratome-sliced. By histological analysis of the transmural biopsies, we showed that tissue architecture and cellular organization were preserved. Enzymatic and vital staining methods verified viability. Optically mapped transmembrane potentials confirmed that action potential duration and morphology were similar in pig biopsies and tissue blocks. Action potential morphology and duration in human biopsies and papillary muscles agreed with published ranges. In both pigs and humans, responses to increasing pacing frequencies and ß-adrenergic stimulation were similar in transmural biopsies and larger tissues. We show that it is possible to successfully collect and characterize tissue slices from human myocardial biopsies routinely extracted from living donors, whose behavior mimics that of larger myocardial preparations both structurally and electrophysiologically.

Automatic Quantification of Cardiomyocyte Dimensions and Connexin 43 Lateralization in Fluorescence Images.

Cardiomyocytes' geometry and connexin 43 (CX43) amount and distribution are structural features that play a pivotal role in electrical conduction. Their quantitative assessment is of high interest in the study of arrhythmias, but it is usually hampered by the lack of automatic tools. In this work, we propose a software algorithm (Myocyte Automatic Retrieval and Tissue Analyzer, MARTA) to automatically detect myocytes from fluorescent microscopy images of cardiac tissue, measure their morphological features and evaluate the expression of CX43 and its degree of lateralization. The proposed software is based on the generation of cell masks, contouring of individual cells, enclosing of cells in minimum area rectangles and splitting of these rectangles into end-to-end and middle compartments to estimate CX43 lateral-to-total ratio. Application to human ventricular tissue images shows that mean differences between automatic and manual methods in terms of cardiomyocyte length and width are below 4 µm. The percentage of lateral CX43 also agrees between automatic and manual evaluation, with the interquartile range approximately covering from 3% to 30% in both cases. MARTA is not limited by fiber orientation and has an optimized speed by using contour filtering, which makes it run hundreds of times faster than a trained expert. Developed for CX43 studies in the left ventricle, MARTA is a flexible tool applicable to morphometric and lateralization studies of other markers in any heart chamber or even skeletal muscle. This open-access software is available online.

Venous Cannulation for Cardiopulmonary Bypass in the Case of Anomaly of the Inferior Vena Cava.

Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava and its tributaries are quite uncommon; however, since the development of cross-sectional imaging, they have been described more frequently. Most of them are usually asymptomatic, although they can have clinical implications. We report a case of a rare anomaly of the inferior vena cava in a 54-year-old man admitted to our hospital for complicated native aortic valve endocarditis, requiring urgent surgery, and making necessary an alternative venous cannulation for establishing cardiopulmonary bypass circulation.

Aneurismas carotídeos extracraneales / Extracranial carotid aneurysms

Entre enero de 1992 y junio de 1995 se analizan, sobre 125 cirugías en 99 pacientes, 7 aneurismas carotídeos extracraneales, 5 unilaterales y 2 bilaterales. De la serie sólo hubo una mujer y la edad osciló entre los 51 y 72 años. Presentaron síntomas cerebrovasculares 4 de los pacientes y uno solo fue un hallazgo. Los exámenes complementarios realizados fueron tomografía cerebral, ecocardiograma, ecodoppler de los 4 vasos del cuello y arteriografía cérvico-cerebral. Las cirugías se efectuaron bajo anestesia general y tratamiento farmacológico de protección cerebral pre y postoperatorio; el 71,4 por ciento bajo shunt. Las intervenciones consistieron el 28,6 por ciento en resección y reemplazo protético término-terminal de la carótida interna; 57,1 por ciento resección parcial y angioplastia con prótesis; y en el caso restante resección y reemplazo protéico + ligadura de la carótida externa (14,3 por ciento). La mortalidad del total de las 125 cirugías fue del 2,4 por ciento y la morbilidad del 3,2 por ciento. La cirugía de los aneurismas carotídeos extracraneales no presentó morbimortalidad. El protocolo sistematizado de diagnóstico en insuficientes cerebrovasculares incrementó nuestra casuística en esta patología en los últimos 3 años y la normatización de la cirugía carotídea permitió obtener buenos resultados

Aneurismas carotídeos extracraneales / Extracranial carotid aneurysms

Entre enero de 1992 y junio de 1995 se analizan, sobre 125 cirugías en 99 pacientes, 7 aneurismas carotídeos extracraneales, 5 unilaterales y 2 bilaterales. De la serie sólo hubo una mujer y la edad osciló entre los 51 y 72 años. Presentaron síntomas cerebrovasculares 4 de los pacientes y uno solo fue un hallazgo. Los exámenes complementarios realizados fueron tomografía cerebral, ecocardiograma, ecodoppler de los 4 vasos del cuello y arteriografía cérvico-cerebral. Las cirugías se efectuaron bajo anestesia general y tratamiento farmacológico de protección cerebral pre y postoperatorio; el 71,4 por ciento bajo shunt. Las intervenciones consistieron el 28,6 por ciento en resección y reemplazo protético término-terminal de la carótida interna; 57,1 por ciento resección parcial y angioplastia con prótesis; y en el caso restante resección y reemplazo protéico + ligadura de la carótida externa (14,3 por ciento). La mortalidad del total de las 125 cirugías fue del 2,4 por ciento y la morbilidad del 3,2 por ciento. La cirugía de los aneurismas carotídeos extracraneales no presentó morbimortalidad. El protocolo sistematizado de diagnóstico en insuficientes cerebrovasculares incrementó nuestra casuística en esta patología en los últimos 3 años y la normatización de la cirugía carotídea permitió obtener buenos resultados (AU)

Enfermedad de Kawasaki (patología de la infancia): aneurismas polifocales, tratamiento quirúrgico, revascularización miocárdica, revascularización renal / Kawasaki disease: child pathology

La enfermedad de Kawasaki, o síndrome linfoganglionar mucocutáneo, es una patología multiorgánica infantil, de afectación preferente por las arterias de mediano y pequeño calibre y, especialmente, las arterias coronarias. Se presenta en este trabajo la resolución quirúrgica secuencial de varios aneurismas coronarios, y un aneurisma de la arteria renal izquierda, en un paciente varón de 9 años, afecto de enfermedad de Kawasaki. Los procedimientos llevados a cabo, con 6 días de diferencia fueron: Primero - Triple bypass aorto-mamario-coronario sin circulación extracorpórea (puente mamario a la descendente anterior y puentes venosos a la coronaria derecha y la circunfleja). Segundo - Ligadura - exclusión del aneurisma renal izquierdo, y bypass aorto-renal con vena safena, por vía extraperitoneal. El paciente fue dado de alta al octavo día postoperatorio de la segunda intervención, y se halla en la actualidad, dos años después, asintomático y de retorno a su vida normal

Enfermedad de Kawasaki (patología de la infancia): aneurismas polifocales, tratamiento quirúrgico, revascularización miocárdica, revascularización renal / Kawasaki disease: child pathology

La enfermedad de Kawasaki, o síndrome linfoganglionar mucocutáneo, es una patología multiorgánica infantil, de afectación preferente por las arterias de mediano y pequeño calibre y, especialmente, las arterias coronarias. Se presenta en este trabajo la resolución quirúrgica secuencial de varios aneurismas coronarios, y un aneurisma de la arteria renal izquierda, en un paciente varón de 9 años, afecto de enfermedad de Kawasaki. Los procedimientos llevados a cabo, con 6 días de diferencia fueron: Primero - Triple bypass aorto-mamario-coronario sin circulación extracorpórea (puente mamario a la descendente anterior y puentes venosos a la coronaria derecha y la circunfleja). Segundo - Ligadura - exclusión del aneurisma renal izquierdo, y bypass aorto-renal con vena safena, por vía extraperitoneal. El paciente fue dado de alta al octavo día postoperatorio de la segunda intervención, y se halla en la actualidad, dos años después, asintomático y de retorno a su vida normal (AU)