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Sanid. mil ; 64(4): 235-244, oct.-dic. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-113420

ABSTRACT

El conflicto bélico que asoló la Península Ibérica, desde 1808 a 1814, se desarrolló con los mismos medios que en el siglo XVIII, aunque la táctica experimentó la influencia decisiva de la aparición generalizada de guerrillas. Las guerras napoleónicas sirvieron para consolidar, en todos los países beligerantes, unos servicios sanitarios castrenses de ámbito nacional. La Medicina y la Cirugía eran profesiones separadas y con frecuencia enfrentadas. Los cirujanos tenían una preparación superior a los médicos que, en España, se había logrado con la creación, en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, de los Reales Colegios de Cirugía. Participaron en la contienda las máximas figuras de la Cirugía Militar del momento, como Guthrie o Larrey, que aportó el revolucionario concepto asistencial de las ambulancias volantes. Aunque las técnicas quirúrgicas estaban bien descritas, la deficiente hemostasia, el dolor y, sobre todo, las infecciones imponían limitaciones. La mortalidad de los heridos era del 33% y la tasa de infección del 90%. La escuela quirúrgica española aportó la llamada «cura española», o método conservador de tratar las heridas, que fue adoptado por los cirujanos de los otros ejércitos. Las bajas por enfermedad eran diez veces superiores al número de heridos. No se conocía la etiopatogenia de la mayoría de los procesos morbosos y no se disponía de medios diagnósticos o terapéuticos mínimamente eficaces (AU)


The armed conflict that ravage the Iberian Peninsula from 1808 to 1814 was fought using the same technical means available in the XVIII century. However, a major change took place in the field of tactics, where the extensive use of guerrilla warfare had a decisive influence on the outcome of the fight. In all contending countries, the Napoleonic Wars served to consolidate Army Medical Services on a national scale. At the time, medicine and surgery were two separate and often opposed disciplines and surgeons were commonly better prepared tham medical practitioners. In the case of Spain this was due to the success of the Royal Schools or Surgery, created in the second half of the XVIII century. All major eminent surgeons of the moment such as Guthrie or Larrey took part in the fight. Larrey made the revolutionary contribution of developing the «flying ambulances», a completely new concept at the time. Although surgical techniques were alreadt well describe at the time, the deficient hemostasis, the unchecked pain, and above all the numerous infections imposed severe limitations. Mortality among the injured reached 33% and the rate of infection was 90%. The Spanish surgical school contributd to military surgery with the practice known as «te Spanish Cure» which was a conservative approach to the treatment of wounds. This approach was later adopted by the army surgeons of the other countries. Deaths by illness were ten times higher than the number of injured. The etiology of most morbid processes was unknown and no efficient diagnostics and therapeutics means were available (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , 51708/history , Military Medicine/history , Warfare , Military Facilities/history , War Wounded
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