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1.
Rev Med Suisse ; 20(856-7): 55-58, 2024 Jan 17.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38231101

ABSTRACT

The year 2023 saw the publication of several studies in various areas of infectious diseases. The administration of corticosteroids decreased mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia. Administration of doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis reduced the risk of bacterial sexually transmitted infections at the risk of resistance selection. An herbal preparation decreased mortality in sepsis. A meta-analysis concludes that oseltamivir does not significantly reduce the risk of hospitalisation for influenza. Discontinuation of antibiotic prophylaxis during dental procedures in Sweden did not increase the incidence of viridans group Streptococcus endocarditis. Several studies have led to the introduction of RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) vaccination. 2023 also saw the resurgence of invasive Group A Streptococcal infections, of which clinicians must be wary.


L'année 2023 est marquée par la publication d'études touchant des domaines variés de l'infectiologie. La mortalité de pneumonies communautaires sévères est diminuée par l'administration de corticostéroïdes. Lors de rapport sexuel à risque, l'administration de doxycycline en prophylaxie postexpositionnelle diminue le risque d'infections sexuellement transmissibles bactériennes, cependant au risque de sélectionner des bactéries résistantes. Une préparation de plantes diminue la mortalité du sepsis. Une méta-analyse conclut que l'oseltamivir ne diminue pas significativement le risque d'hospitalisation lors de grippe. L'arrêt de la prophylaxie antibiotique lors d'intervention dentaire en Suède n'a pas augmenté l'incidence d'endocardite à streptocoques du groupe viridans. Plusieurs études ont mené à l'introduction de la vaccination VRS (virus respiratoire syncytial humain). 2023 a aussi vu la résurgence d'infections invasives à streptocoques du groupe A dont le clinicien doit se méfier.


Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases , Influenza, Human , Sepsis , Streptococcal Infections , Humans , Doxycycline
2.
Rev Med Suisse ; 19(845): 1815-1816, 2023 10 11.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37819176
3.
Rev Med Suisse ; 19(845): 1840-1843, 2023 Oct 11.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37819181

ABSTRACT

Antibiotic therapy is not recommended for the majority of adult outpatients with a respiratory tract infection. When antibiotic therapy is mandatory, its duration should be as short as possible in order to avoid side effects and reduce costs. This literature review summarises the recommendations for new, shorter courses of antibiotics. The recommended duration of antibiotic treatment for community-acquired pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation and acute otitis media is now 5 days, 6 days for pharyngitis and between 5 and 7 days for sinusitis. These recommendations do not apply to severe or complicated infections, infections with resistant agents or in immunosuppressed patients.


Une antibiothérapie n'est pas recommandée pour la majorité des patients adultes se présentant avec une infection des voies respiratoires en ambulatoire. Lorsqu'elle est indiquée, sa durée doit être aussi courte que possible afin d'éviter les effets indésirables et diminuer les coûts. Cette revue de littérature résume les recommandations des nouvelles durées raccourcies d'antibiothérapies. Désormais, la durée d'antibiothérapie recommandée pour la pneumonie acquise en communauté, l'exacerbation de BPCO et l'otite moyenne aiguë est de 5 jours, 6 pour la pharyngite et entre 5 et 7 pour les sinusites. Ces recommandations ne sont pas applicables pour les infections sévères ou compliquées, celles à agent résistant et chez les patients immunosupprimés.


Subject(s)
Pharyngitis , Respiratory Tract Infections , Sinusitis , Humans , Adult , Acute Disease , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Sinusitis/drug therapy , Sinusitis/complications , Pharyngitis/drug therapy
4.
Rev Med Suisse ; 18(777): 724-728, 2022 Apr 13.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35417102

ABSTRACT

Since the introduction of antibiotics, successive waves of Staphylococcus aureus clones occurred, each one having characteristic susceptibility pattern to antibiotics and virulence factors. We report here the results of a molecular epidemiological surveillance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in French-speaking Switzerland between 2006 and 2020 showing the emergence and disappearance of clones known for their international dissemination, and the sporadic appearance of other international clones. Since 2012, a marked decrease in the incidence of cases attributable to the biology of the clones and to the control measures taken in the hospitals has been observed. These results highlight the importance of continuous surveillance in order to better assess the burden of this multi-resistant pathogen in our region.


Depuis l'introduction des antibiotiques, des vagues successives de clones de Staphylococcus aureus sont apparues, chacun avec un profil de susceptibilité aux antibiotiques et de virulence caractéristique. Nous rapportons ici les résultats d'une surveillance épidémiologique moléculaire de S. aureus résistant à la méticilline (MRSA) en Suisse romande entre 2006 et 2020 montrant l'émergence et la disparition de clones connus pour leur dissémination internationale, ainsi que l'apparition sporadique d'autres clones internationaux. Depuis 2012, une diminution marquée de l'incidence des cas attribuable à la biologie des clones et aux mesures de contrôle prises dans les hôpitaux est observée. Ces résultats nous montrent l'importance d'une surveillance continue afin de mieux évaluer le fardeau que représente ce germe multirésistant dans notre région.


Subject(s)
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcal Infections , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Humans , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Epidemiology , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Switzerland/epidemiology
5.
Rev Med Suisse ; 17(748): 1475-1480, 2021 Sep 01.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34468099

ABSTRACT

We describe the case of a 62-year-old woman who presented with insidious onset and slowly progressive neurological complaints. This case illustrates the diagnostic challenges clinicians face because the lack of specific symptomatology and numerous complementary exams. The broad differential diagnosis of this disease requires a diagnostic strategy to be developed. Clinical reasoning is based on clinical, biological and radiological information and highlights the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to patient care.


Nous décrivons le cas clinique d'une patiente de 62 ans se présentant avec des symptômes neurologiques d'apparition progressive et lentement évolutifs. Ce cas illustre un défi diagnostique étant donné l'absence de spécificité des symptômes et des divers examens complémentaires à disposition. Le large diagnostic différentiel de cette affection requiert une stratégie diagnostique élaborée. Le raisonnement clinique se fonde sur des informations cliniques, biologiques et radiologiques et nécessite une approche multidisciplinaire pour finalement accéder au diagnostic.


Subject(s)
Meningitis , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Meningitis/diagnosis , Meningitis/etiology , Middle Aged
6.
Rev Med Suisse ; 16(710): 1903-1904, 2020 10 14.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33058574

Subject(s)
Epidemics , Viruses , Zoonoses , Animals , Humans
7.
Rev Med Suisse ; 16(710): 1926-1931, 2020 Oct 14.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33058579

ABSTRACT

Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive bacterium, is the cause of Listeriosis. Its mortality is currently the highest for food borne diseases. Affected are mainly elderly or immunocompromised patients, as well as pregnant women. Despite food hygiene measures and surveillance, outbreaks are possible in developed countries. In the canton of Valais, six hospitalized cases including one death occurred between end of March and the beginning of May 2020. The typing of these strains of L. monocytogenes showed a link to a larger Swiss outbreak associated with contaminated soft cheese (Brie). The outbreak ended once the producer recalled the incriminated cheese. This article describes the outbreak with a review of other outbreaks' sources and a reminder of preventive measures.


La listériose humaine est due à Listeria monocytogenes, bactérie Gram positif. C'est aujourd'hui la plus mortelle des maladies transmises par les aliments. Elle est principalement responsable d'infections chez le sujet âgé ou immunodéprimé et la femme enceinte. Malgré des mesures d'hygiène et de surveillance, elle est toujours présente dans les pays développés, notamment en Valais où une série exceptionnelle de 6 cas hospitalisés, dont 1 décès, a été constatée entre fin mars et début mai 2020. Le typage des souches a permis d'établir le lien avec une flambée de listériose en Suisse associée à du Brie contaminé. L'épidémie a pris fin une fois l'alerte donnée et le produit retiré des circuits de distribution. Cet article décrit la flambée avec une revue des sources de contamination et un rappel des mesures de prévention.


Subject(s)
Cheese/microbiology , Disease Outbreaks , Food Contamination/statistics & numerical data , Listeria monocytogenes , Listeriosis/epidemiology , Listeriosis/microbiology , France/epidemiology , Humans , Listeriosis/prevention & control , Switzerland/epidemiology
8.
Rev Med Suisse ; 15(651): 1017-1021, 2019 May 15.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31091035

ABSTRACT

Immunotherapy, with « checkpoint ¼ inhibitors (CPIs), has become an essential therapeutic weapon against cancer. Autoimmune disorders related to overactivation of the immune system are well known side effects. The risk of reactivation of the hepatitis B and C viruses and exacerbation of the hepatitis, known from the introduction of immunosuppressive drugs such as chemotherapy, is poorly documented under immunotherapy. In this article, we discuss the issue of immunotherapy in patients presented with hepatitis using two approaches: the risks of immunotherapy in these situations and the management by disruption of liver tests under immunotherapy.


L'immunothérapie, avec les inhibiteurs de points de contrôle immunitaire « immune checkpoint inhibitors ¼, est devenue une arme thérapeutique essentielle contre de nombreux cancers. Les troubles autoimmuns liés à la suractivation du système immunitaire sont des effets secondaires bien connus. Le risque de réactivation des virus de l'hépatite B et C ou d'exacerbation de l'hépatite, connu lors de l'introduction de médicaments immunosuppresseurs telles les chimiothérapies, est peu documenté sous immunothérapie. Dans cet article, nous aborderons la question de l'immunothérapie chez des patients présentant une hépatite B ou C selon deux approches : les risques encourus à introduire une immunothérapie dans ces situations et la gestion d'une perturbation des tests hépatiques sous immunothérapie.


Subject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases , Hepatitis B , Immunologic Factors , Neoplasms , Hepatitis B/etiology , Humans , Immunologic Factors/adverse effects , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use , Immunotherapy , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/therapy
10.
Rev Med Suisse ; 14(622): 1779, 2018 Oct 10.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30307135
11.
Rev Med Suisse ; 12(526): 1336-1340, 2016 Aug 10.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28671779

ABSTRACT

The emergency room is a stressful environment with poor privacy. Even so, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) need to be handled in such a setting. Some STIs can hide behind common clinical pictures. Signs and symptoms of acute retroviral syndrome, other STIs as well as the initiation of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) need to be known and managed by an emergency physician and are discussed in this article.


Même dans le contexte stressant et parfois peu confidentiel des urgences, le sujet délicat des infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST) doit être abordé. Celles-ci peuvent se cacher derrière certains tableaux cliniques fréquemment rencontrés. De même, les signes et symptômes de la primo-infection VIH ou d'autres IST, ainsi que l'initiation d'une prophylaxie post-expositionnelle (PEP), qui reste une course contre la montre, sont des points-clés à maîtriser par l'urgentiste et sont abordés dans cet article.


Subject(s)
Emergency Service, Hospital , HIV Infections/therapy , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/therapy , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Humans , Post-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis
12.
Rev Med Suisse ; 12(534): 1718-1722, 2016 Oct 12.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28686398

ABSTRACT

Leishmaniasis is an infection of the tropical to temperate zone, occasionally imported in our regions by travellers and migrants. Leishmania parasites are transmitted by the sting of a sand fly, Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia, and causes two clinical syndromes with either cutaneous, also mucosal, or disseminated involvement. Clinical suspicion needs a confirmation by the detection of the parasite. The treatment is adapted to the patient, the clinical presentation, the region, the species and the availability. Cutaneous leishmaniasis can be observed only or treated by topical or systemic regimens. Visceral leishmaniasis is a progressive illness, in most cases mortal, particularly in the immunocompromised patient. It requires systemic treatment.


La leishmaniose est une infection parasitaire des ceintures tropicales à tempérées occasionnellement importée dans nos régions par des voyageurs et des migrants. Les parasites du genre Leishmania sont transmis par la piqûre de la mouche des sables, Phlebotomus ou Lutzomyia, et causent deux syndromes cliniques distincts, soit une atteinte cutanée, éventuellement des muqueuses, soit une atteinte disséminée. La confirmation du diagnostic dépend de la mise en évidence du parasite. Le traitement est adapté au patient, à la clinique, à la région, à l'espèce et à sa disponibilité. La forme cutanée peut être observée visuellement et traitée par des soins locaux ou par voie systémique. La forme viscérale est d'évolution progressive et le plus souvent mortelle à terme, notamment chez le patient immunosupprimé. Elle nécessite un traitement systémique.


Subject(s)
Insect Vectors/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Animals , Humans , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/drug therapy , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy , Phlebotomus/parasitology , Psychodidae/parasitology , Transients and Migrants , Travel
13.
BMJ Case Rep ; 20132013 Jan 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23365165

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus spp. commonly causes infection in immunocompromised hosts. Clinical presentation of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CM) is variable, but headache, fever and a high intracranial pressure should suggest the diagnosis. The cryptococcal antigen test is a specific and sensitive rapid test that can be performed on blood or cerebrospinal fluid. We report a case of CM in a patient with previously undetected lymphocytopenia. Because cryptococcal antigen test results were negative, diagnosis and treatment were delayed.


Subject(s)
Antigens, Fungal/blood , Antigens, Fungal/cerebrospinal fluid , Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , Meningoencephalitis/diagnosis , Meningoencephalitis/microbiology , Adult , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Cryptococcosis/complications , Cryptococcosis/drug therapy , Cryptococcus neoformans/immunology , Delayed Diagnosis , False Negative Reactions , Female , Humans , Lymphopenia/complications , Meningoencephalitis/drug therapy
14.
Case Rep Med ; 2012: 140780, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23251163

ABSTRACT

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection has rarely been reported as responsible for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). We present the case of a 63-year-old man with AIDS who presented with rapidly progressing weakness of his inferior limbs and a newly appeared pancytopenia. CSF examination and electromyography were characteristic for GBS. Very high CSF and serum B19V DNA concentrations were present, in the absence of IgG or IgM against B19V. The neurologic and hematologic abnormalities improved after a 5-day course of i.v. immunoglobulins in parallel with a dramatic decrease in the B19V viral load.

15.
PLoS One ; 6(4): e18886, 2011 Apr 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21541027

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Management of febrile neutropenic episodes (FE) is challenged by lacking microbiological and clinical documentation of infection. We aimed at evaluating the utility of monitoring blood procalcitonin (PCT) in FE for initial diagnosis of infection and reassessment in persistent fever. METHODS: PCT kinetics was prospectively monitored in 194 consecutive FE (1771 blood samples): 65 microbiologically documented infections (MDI, 33.5%; 49 due to non-coagulase-negative staphylococci, non-CNS), 68 clinically documented infections (CDI, 35%; 39 deep-seated), and 61 fever of unexplained origin (FUO, 31.5%). RESULTS: At fever onset median PCT was 190 pg/mL (range 30-26'800), without significant difference among MDI, CDI and FUO. PCT peak occurred on day 2 after onset of fever: non-CNS-MDI/deep-seated-CDI (656, 80-86350) vs. FUO (205, 33-771; p<0.001). PCT >500 pg/mL distinguished non-CNS-MDI/deep-seated-CDI from FUO with 56% sensitivity and 90% specificity. PCT was >500 pg/ml in only 10% of FUO (688, 570-771). A PCT peak >500 pg/mL (1196, 524-11950) occurred beyond 3 days of persistent fever in 17/21 (81%) invasive fungal diseases (IFD). This late PCT peak identified IFD with 81% sensitivity and 57% specificity and preceded diagnosis according to EORTC-MSG criteria in 41% of cases. In IFD responding to therapy, median days to PCT <500 pg/mL and defervescence were 5 (1-23) vs. 10 (3-22; p = 0.026), respectively. CONCLUSION: While procalcitonin is not useful for diagnosis of infection at onset of neutropenic fever, it may help to distinguish a minority of potentially severe infections among FUOs on day 2 after onset of fever. In persistent fever monitoring procalcitonin contributes to early diagnosis and follow-up of invasive mycoses.


Subject(s)
Calcitonin/blood , Fever/blood , Fever/complications , Infections/blood , Infections/diagnosis , Neutropenia/blood , Neutropenia/complications , Protein Precursors/blood , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide , Female , Fever/diagnosis , Fever/etiology , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infections/microbiology , Kinetics , Male , Middle Aged , Neutropenia/diagnosis , ROC Curve , Young Adult
17.
Nat Clin Pract Oncol ; 3(6): 339-43; quiz following 343, 2006 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16757971

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: A 55-year-old man with glioblastoma multiforme was treated with continuous, dose-dense temozolomide. This therapy was curtailed after three cycles because of nausea, asthenia, and neuropsychological deterioration. During a subsequent course of radiotherapy, the patient developed fever, headaches, and cutaneous lesions. INVESTIGATIONS: Physical examination, cerebral MRI, brain biopsy, skin biopsy, immunohistochemistry, bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, and laboratory tests. DIAGNOSIS: Severe temozolomide-induced immunosuppression, exacerbated by corticosteroids, with profound T-cell lymphocytopenia and simultaneous opportunistic infections with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, brain abscess with Listeria monocytogenes, and cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma. MANAGEMENT: Discontinuation of temozolomide, discontinuation of radiotherapy, antibiotic treatment with amoxicillin and gentamicin, and administration of atovaquone and pentamidine.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/adverse effects , Brain Abscess/chemically induced , Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy , Dacarbazine/analogs & derivatives , Glioblastoma/drug therapy , Listeriosis/chemically induced , Pneumocystis carinii , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/chemically induced , Sarcoma, Kaposi/chemically induced , Brain Abscess/drug therapy , Brain Abscess/pathology , Brain Neoplasms/surgery , Dacarbazine/adverse effects , Glioblastoma/surgery , Humans , Listeriosis/drug therapy , Listeriosis/pathology , Male , Middle Aged , Neoadjuvant Therapy/adverse effects , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/drug therapy , Sarcoma, Kaposi/drug therapy , Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology , Temozolomide
18.
Rev Prat ; 53(19): 2101-7, 2003 Dec 15.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15008466

ABSTRACT

Chemotherapy-related neutropenia is frequently complicated by infections. In granulocytopenic cancer patients, the early empiric administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics is the cornerstone of the management and has dramatically decreased the infection-related mortality. Several intravenous antibiotic regimens have been shown to be effective and well tolerated, especially monotherapies with broad-spectrum beta-lactams. The analysis of the outcome of febrile neutropenic patients has allowed the differentiation of those at high risk from those at low risk of infectious complications. In low risk patients, oral antibiotic regimens have been shown as effective as intravenous regimens. Running studies will allow to determine the advantages and limits of an outpatient management.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Fever , Neutropenia/diagnosis , Neutropenia/therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Humans , Infections/complications , Infections/etiology , Neutropenia/chemically induced , Patient Isolation , Risk Factors
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