Half-life of serum anti-Müllerian hormone and changes after gonadectomy in adult female and male dogs with normal and abnormal gonads.

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a biomarker for the presence of gonadal tissue. Changes in serum AMH after gonadectomy are not well established, and its serum half-life is unknown in dogs. We measured serum AMH with a validated electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay in adult female (n = 12) and male (n = 7) dogs with normal gonads, as well as in dogs with gonadal pathology (ovarian remnant syndrome, ORS n = 3, testicular tumor [Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, seminoma] n = 3, unilateral abdominal cryptorchid n = 4) on the day of gonadectomy (D0), and on D3, D7, D14 (females and males), and D21, D28 (males only). Males had higher AMH concentrations than females independent of gonadal status (P < 0.001). Dogs with ORS had lower initial AMH (0.45 ± 0.43 ng/ml) than bitches with normal gonads (1.16 ± 0.44 ng/ml; P = 0.027). Cryptorchid dogs had higher initial concentrations (80.57 ± 52.81 ng/ml) than males with normal gonads (7.92 ± 2.45 ng/ml; P = 0.004), and those with testicular tumors (18.63 ± 5.04 ng/ml) were intermediate (P ≥ 0.250). AMH decreased over time (P ≤ 0.012) and was 0.01-0.04 ng/ml by D14 in females and 0.02-0.12 ng/ml by D28 in males. Serum half-life in the whole study population was 2.85 ± 0.51 days and did not differ between groups. In conclusion, serum AMH can differentiate between intact and gonadectomized status of adult dogs by 14 days after ovario(hyster)ectomy in females and by 28 days after surgical castration in males.

Albuminuria and proteinuria in dogs infected with Dirofilaria repens: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether Dirofilaria repens is capable of causing similar glomerular lesions, as does Dirofilaria immitis. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether D. repens infection could cause albuminuria or proteinuria. ANIMALS: Sixty-five clinically healthy laboratory beagle dogs. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, dogs were tested for D. repens infection (modified Knott test, PCR test, D. immitis antigen test) and were grouped as "D. repens infected" or "control" dogs. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UAC) and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) were measured from samples taken by cystocentesis. RESULTS: Forty-three (26 infected, 17 control) dogs were included in the final study group. UAC but not UPC level was significantly higher in the infected group (UAC median 12.5; range, 0-700 mg/g and UPC median 0.15; range, 0.06-1.06) than in the control group (UAC median 6.3; range, 0-28 mg/g and UPC median 0.13; range, 0.05-0.64; P = .02 and P = .65). Overt proteinuria (UPC > 0.5) was present in 6/26 (23%) of the infected dogs and 1/17 (6%) of the control dogs. Albuminuria (UAC > 19 mg/g) was detected in 9/26 (35%) dogs in the infected group, and 2/17 dogs (12%) in the control group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: D. repens might cause similar glomerular lesions to those caused by D. immitis.

Establishment of a reference interval for urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Albuminuria is an important marker of renal damage and can precede proteinuria; thus, it can be a useful analyte in the early diagnosis of kidney diseases. Albuminuria has also been found in dogs with hypertension, inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic diseases. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to establish a reference interval (RI) for albuminuria in dogs. METHODS: One hundred sixty-four clinically healthy dogs were enrolled in the study. Urinary albumin was determined by the immunoturbidimetric method, and albumin excretion was expressed as the urinary albumin-to-creatinine (UAC) ratio. The RI for UAC was established. RESULTS: After exclusions, 124 dogs from 32 breeds remained. The median UAC of the study population was 3.0 mg/g (range: 0-48). The RI was defined as 0-19 mg/g (with a 90% CI for the upper limit of 13-28 mg/g). No significant difference was found between male and female dogs or between different age and body weight groups. The results of Sighthounds (n = 30) and Beagle dogs (n = 23) did not differ from the other breeds. CONCLUSION: The canine RI of UAC is similar but somewhat narrower than the human RI.

Acute stroke awareness of family physicians: translation of policy to practice.

BACKGROUND: Translating clinical guidelines into routine clinical practice is mandatory to achieve population level improvement of health. Emergence of specific therapy for acute stroke yielded the 'time is brain' concept introducing the need for emergency treatment, pointing to the need for increasing stroke awareness of the general population. General practitioners (GPs) manage chronic diseases and could hence catalyse stroke awareness. In our study, the knowledge of general practitioners toward accurate identification of acute stroke candidacy was investigated. METHODS: GPs and residents in training for family medicine participated in a survey on a voluntary basis using supervised self-administration between the 1st of February 2018 and 31st July 2018. Two clinical cases of acute stroke that differed only regarding the patient's eligibility for intravenous thrombolysis were presented. Participants answered two open-ended questions. Text analysis was performed using NVIVO software. RESULTS: Of the 127 respondents, 69 (54.3%) were female. The median age was 49 (34-62) years. The median time spent working after graduation was 14.5 (2-22.5) years. Board-certified GPs made up 77.2% of the sample. Qualitative analysis revealed stroke as the most frequent diagnosis for both cases. Territorial localization and possible aetiology were also established. Respondents properly identified eligibility for thrombolysis. Quantitative assessment showed that having the practice closer to the stroke centre increases the likelihood of adequate diagnosis for acute stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that GPs properly diagnose acute stroke and identify intravenous thrombolysis candidates. Moreover, we found that a vigorous acute stroke triage system facilitates the translation of theory into practice.

Characterisation of the cerebrospinal fluid of horses with West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes between wild birds (natural hosts) and other vertebrates. Horses and humans are incidental, dead-end hosts, but can develop severe neurological disorders. Owing to the close contact of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with the extracellular fluid of the brain, the analysis of CSF composition can reflect central nervous system (CNS) impairments enabling the diagnosis and understanding of various neurodegenerative CNS disorders. Our objective was to compare the findings from the CSF samples of horses with neuroinvasive WNV infection with those of healthy controls. We compared findings from fifteen CSF samples of 13 horses with acute WNV encephalomyelitis with those of 20 healthy controls. Protein, particular enzymes and ions, glucose and lactate showed abnormal levels in a significant number of WNV cases. None of the six horses with elevated glucose concentrations survived. Rather neutrophilic than mononuclear pleocytosis was identified with WNV infection. Neutrophils probably play a role in the development of inflammatory response and brain damage. Although elevated glucose levels reliably predicted the outcome, they might be the consequence of increased plasma levels and reflect general stress rather than CNS pathophysiology. The CSF findings of WNV encephalomyelitis patients are non-specific and variable but facilitate the differential diagnosis.

Serum hepcidin measurements in healthy dogs using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

BACKGROUND: Hepcidin is a key regulator of iron homeostasis. The measurement of this hormone is essential for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and might be useful as a prognostic factor in many diseases. Serum hepcidin levels have been infrequently evaluated in dogs. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to measure serum hepcidin in a population of healthy dogs using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), considered the gold standard assay for measuring hepcidin like in human medicine. METHODS: Blood samples from 86 healthy dogs of 25 different breeds were measured with the LC-MS/MS method. Synthetic canine hepcidin was used as the standard reagent. Reference values were calculated based on the results. RESULTS: The mean hepcidin concentration of the study population was 16.6 ± 7.7 ng/mL. There reference interval (RI) was defined as 5.3-36.4 ng/mL. No significant difference was found between male and female dogs, or between different age and body weight groups. Hepcidin concentrations did not correlate with red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentrations, iron levels, iron-binding capacities, and C-reactive protein concentrations in this healthy population. A weak negative correlation was found between hepcidin and the mean corpuscular volume. CONCLUSION: LC-MS/MS proved to be a reliable and time-effective method for the detection of canine hepcidin. The RI was similar but narrower compared with that of human studies.

First record of autochthonous canine leishmaniasis in Hungary.

Hungary is traditionally regarded as a leishmaniasis-free country, and human or canine cases diagnosed locally have been recorded as imported. However, recent entomological surveys have verified the presence in Hungary of Phlebotomus neglectus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi perfiliewi, which have been incriminated as competent vectors of Leishmania infantum elsewhere in Europe. Following the occurrence in October 2007 of an undisputable clinical case of L. infantum canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in a 4-year-old female pug in a kennel of 20 dogs in Tolna province, an investigation was performed to assess the infection status in that canine population and to search for putative phlebotomine vectors. Another female pug became sick during the study period (May-November 2008) and L. infantum was confirmed as the causative agent. The other animals appeared clinically healthy; however, 4 additional dogs were found positive by indirect fluorescent antibody test (2 dogs), or by buffy-coat PCR (1 dog), or by both methods (1 dog). Hence the overall Leishmania infection prevalence in the kennel was 30% (6/20). All dogs were born in the same place and had been always kept outdoors. They had neither been abroad nor received a blood transfusion. No sand flies were collected with CDC Standard Miniature Light traps, Mosquito Magnet(®) X (MMX) dry ice-baited traps, or sticky traps placed either in or around the kennel and at nearby chicken yards during July and August of 2008 and 2009. Considering the dogs' historical background and the failure to trap any sand fly vectors in the kennel area, the origin of CanL in this site remains unexplained.

Redox status of dogs with non-hodgkin lymphomas. An ESR study.

Free radical and antioxidant parameters in healthy dogs (n=10) and dogs with non-Hodgkin lymphomas (n=11) were measured in blood and lymph node tissue samples before chemotherapy. Enzymatic and other biochemical measurements were performed. We found that (i) free radical concentrations based on ESR spectra of tissues correlated with higher proliferative character; (ii) lymphoma cases showed an impaired antioxidant status; (iii) tumors with low oxidative burst capacity and higher reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio responded better to chemotherapy; and (iv) affected blood and lymph nodes were under strong oxidative stress.

The role of XML in medical informatics in Hungary.

Reforms in healthcare means frequent changes. The author focusing on flexible information systems and data structures in healthcare, that gives the chance to avoid costly deadlocks, incompatibilities and data chaos--keeping the financial and administrative burden of provider and reimbursement information systems at low level. He describes data and document exchange among health care providers (hospitals, GPs etc.) and the reimbursing insurance institute introducing XML (eXtensible Markup Language) technology and it's multimedia extension called SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language) that well supports large textual and multimedia nature of data in healthcare. He presents the most frequent XML datasets for reimbursement in Hungary, the validation schemas (Data Type Definitions) and procedures, comparing the new and old data file sizes with different compressions. The comparison includes different schema file sizes, and validation times.