The influence of the 4th industrial revolution on family cohesion-A systematic review protocol.

Humanity may be facing untold threats and possible benefits as a result of the burgeoning 4th Industrial Revolution. New technologies introduced by the 4th Industrial Revolution have been purported to be gradually diminishing humans' capacities like compassion and cooperation. Challenges such as security, trust, liability and personal data privacy issues are also being triggered which calls for stricter regulations. Emerging digital innovations allegedly attempts to widen the social and economic gap between the elites and the non-elites or the rich and the poor. Furthermore, other literature has pinpointed some of these propositions as skewed and biased, tending to ignore some other salient issues. The family, as a microcosm of a larger society, is certainly influenced by these technological interplay. It is therefore of great importance that keen attention is given to the family unit and its proper coherence and functioning within the sphere of the burgeoning terrain of the 4th Industrial Revolution. As such, this study seeks to undertake a systematic review by identifying, summarising and synthesising currently available research on the relationships between the emerging 4th Industrial Revolution and family cohesion.

An Assessment of Systemic Factors and COVID-19 Mortality in Africa.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the association between several country-level systemic indices and the deaths from COVID-19 across African countries. Method: Regression analyses were conducted to test the association between selected indices and deaths from COVID-19 across African countries. All tests were run at the α = 0.05 level of significance. Result: We found a statistically significant correlation between total COVID-19 deaths per million and Stringency Index (p-value <0.001) and Human Development Index (p-value <0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that Stringency Index was the only variable that remained significant when other factors are controlled for in the model. Conclusion: Countries in Africa with poorer governance, inadequate pandemic preparedness and lower levels of development have unexpectedly fared better with respect to COVID-19 deaths mainly because of having a younger population than the countries with better indices.

Efficacy and safety of abacavir-containing combination antiretroviral therapy as first-line treatment of HIV infected children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Abacavir is one of the recommended nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) for the treatment of HIV infections among children and adolescents. However, there are concerns that the antiviral efficacy of abacavir might be low when compared to other NRTIs especially among children. There are also concerns that abacavir use may lead to serious adverse events such as hypersensitivity reactions and has potential predisposition to developing cardiovascular diseases METHODS: We searched four electronic databases, four conference proceedings and two clinical trial registries in August 2014, without language restrictions. Experimental and observational studies with control groups that examined the efficacy and safety of abacavir-containing regimens in comparison with other NRTIs as first-line treatment for HIV-infected children and adolescents aged between one month and eighteen years were eligible. Two authors independently screened search results, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies using a pre-specified, standardised data extraction form and validated risk of bias tools. We also assessed the quality of evidence per outcome with the GRADE tool. RESULTS: We included two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and two analytical cohort studies with a total of 10,595 participants. Among the RCTs we detected no difference in virologic suppression after a mean duration of 48 weeks between abacavir- and stavudine-containing regimens (2 trials; n = 326: RR 1.28; 95 % CI 0.67-2.42) with significant heterogeneity (P = 0.02; I(2) = 81 %). We also found no significant differences between the two groups for adverse events and death. After five years of follow-up, virologic suppression improved with abacavir (1 trial; n = 69: RR 1.96; 95 % CI 1.11-3.44). For cohort studies, we detected that the virologic suppression activity of abacavir was less effective than stavudine in both the lopinavir/ritonavir (1 study, n = 2165: RR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.67-0.92) and efavirenz sub-groups (1 study, n = 3204: RR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.67-0.92) respectively. The quality of evidence from RCTs was moderate for virologic suppression but low for death and adverse events, while that of cohort studies was low for all three these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence showed little or no difference between abacavir-containing regimen and other NRTIs regarding efficacy and safety when given to children and adolescents as a first-line antiretroviral therapy.

Antiretroviral Treatment and Resistance Patterns in HIV-Infected Children.

Paediatric HIV-infected patients have higher risk of developing resistance to antiretroviral drugs, and from public health perspective, drug resistance remains a limiting factor for effective management of HIV infection in children. We reviewed the current evidences available on the antiretroviral treatment and resistance patterns in HIV-infected children. Prevalence of HIV drug resistance varied among the three main classes of antiretroviral drugs, namely nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors in both treatment naïve and treatment-experienced children in different countries. Most of the patients with extensive triple-class drug-resistant mutations were found to be considerably exposed to the three main classes of antiretroviral agents. Identification of genetic factors linked with susceptibility to perinatal transmission of HIV may be key in understanding the development of resistance due to waning antiviral effectiveness. Children who were less likely to achieve viral re-suppression were more likely to have resistance mutations. Newer drugs such as etravirine can be used as alternatives in case of resistance to efavirenz while newly developed diagnostic method such as next-generation sequencing is a platform for improving quality of detections especially minor variant drug resistance mutations.