ABSTRACT
Gradenigo's syndrome was firstly described in 1907 by Giusseppe Gradenigo and is defined as the clinical triad of suppurative otitis media, ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy, and pain in the distribution of the first and the second branches of the trigeminal nerve. Since the advent of antibiotics, the incidence of this potentially life-threatening complication has diminished, but occasional cases still occur. We herein report a pediatric case of otitis media associated with Gradenigo's syndrome complicated by ipsilateral septic cavernous sinus thrombosis and infectious arteritis of the internal carotid artery.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent in chronic kidney disease [CKD] patients. The aim of our study was to determine whether losses of vitamin D binding protein [VDBP] in urine and dialysate contribute to circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD] levels in chronic peritoneal dialysis [PD] patients. METHODS: Dialysate, serum, and urine VDBP levels were measured in 16 children on PD and compared with serum and urine VDBP in ten CKD4-5 patients. Serum VDBP levels were correlated with total circulating 25OHD and peritoneal VDBP losses. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 9.4 ± 3.8 years and the median time on dialysis 7.5 (1-18) months. In CKD4-5 patients, urinary VDBP losses were >300-fold higher than seen in age-matched healthy children and correlated with urinary albumin loss (p = 0.0008). There was a significant correlation between serum VDBP and total dialysate and urine losses of VDBP (p = 0.03, r = -0.53). Dialysate VDBP losses correlate with dialysate albumin loss (p = 0.01). VDBP losses in the long daytime dwell were higher than in the overnight drain (p = 0.04). Serum VDBP levels were lower in children with a longer dialysis vintage (p = 0.0004, r = -0.77). In PD patients, the mean total loss of VDBP in dialysate and urine was 1.91 ± 1.6 µmol/day, equivalent to ~7% of the total circulating level of VDBP in healthy controls. There was no correlation between 25(OH)D and VDBP. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal VDBP losses mirror both dialysate and urinary albumin losses, and are associated with a longer dialysis vintage but do not contribute to vitamin D deficiency in children on PD.
