Studying O2 pathways in [NiFe]- and [NiFeSe]-hydrogenases.

Hydrogenases are efficient biocatalysts for H2 production and oxidation with various potential biotechnological applications.[NiFe]-class hydrogenases are highly active in both production and oxidation processes-albeit primarily biased to the latter-but suffer from being sensitive to O2.[NiFeSe] hydrogenases are a subclass of [NiFe] hydrogenases with, usually, an increased insensitivity to aerobic environments. In this study we aim to understand the structural causes of the low sensitivity of a [NiFeSe]-hydrogenase, when compared with a [NiFe] class enzyme, by studying the diffusion of O2. To unravel the differences between the two enzymes, we used computational methods comprising Molecular Dynamics simulations with explicit O2 and Implicit Ligand Sampling methodologies. With the latter, we were able to map the free energy landscapes for O2 permeation in both enzymes. We derived pathways from these energy landscapes and selected the kinetically more relevant ones with reactive flux analysis using transition path theory. These studies evidence the existence of quite different pathways in both enzymes and predict a lower permeation efficiency for O2 in the case of the [NiFeSe]-hydrogenase when compared with the [NiFe] enzyme. These differences can explain the experimentally observed lower inhibition by O2 on [NiFeSe]-hydrogenases, when compared with [NiFe]-hydrogenases. A comprehensive map of the residues lining the most important O2 pathways in both enzymes is also presented.

Study of the interactions of bovine serum albumin with a molybdenum(II) carbonyl complex by spectroscopic and molecular simulation methods.

Therapy with inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) is being tested in human clinical trials, yet the alternative use of prodrugs, CO-Releasing Molecules (CORMs), is conceptually advantageous. These molecules are designed to release carbon monoxide in specific tissues, in response to some locally expressed stimulus, where CO can trigger a cytoprotective response. The design of such prodrugs, mostly metal carbonyl complexes, must consider their ADMET profiles, including their interaction with transport plasma proteins. However, the molecular details of this interaction remain elusive. To shed light into this matter, we focused on the CORM prototype [Mo(η5-Cp)(CH2COOH)(CO)3] (ALF414) and performed a detailed molecular characterization of its interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA), using spectroscopic and computational methods. The experimental results show that ALF414 partially quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA without changing its secondary structure. The interaction between BSA and ALF414 follows a dynamic quenching mechanism, indicating that no stable complex is formed between the protein Trp residues and ALF414. The molecular dynamics simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results and confirm the dynamic and unspecific character of the interaction between ALF414 and BSA. The simulations also provide important insights into the nature of the interactions of this CORM prototype with BSA, which are dominated by hydrophobic contacts, with a contribution from hydrogen bonding. This kind of information is useful for future CORM design.

Influence of the protein structure surrounding the active site on the catalytic activity of [NiFeSe] hydrogenases.

A combined experimental and theoretical study of the catalytic activity of a [NiFeSe] hydrogenase has been performed by H/D exchange mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics simulations. Hydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze the heterolytic cleavage or production of H2. The [NiFeSe] hydrogenases belong to a subgroup of the [NiFe] enzymes in which a selenocysteine is a ligand of the nickel atom in the active site instead of cysteine. The aim of this research is to determine how much the specific catalytic properties of this hydrogenase are influenced by the replacement of a sulfur by selenium in the coordination of the bimetallic active site versus the changes in the protein structure surrounding the active site. The pH dependence of the D2/H(+) exchange activity and the high isotope effect observed in the Michaelis constant for the dihydrogen substrate and in the single exchange/double exchange ratio suggest that a "cage effect" due to the protein structure surrounding the active site is modulating the enzymatic catalysis. This "cage effect" is supported by molecular dynamics simulations of the diffusion of H2 and D2 from the outside to the inside of the protein, which show different accumulation of these substrates in a cavity next to the active site.

Structural features of [NiFeSe] and [NiFe] hydrogenases determining their different properties: a computational approach.

Hydrogenases are metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible reaction H(2)<->2H(+) + 2e(-), being potentially useful in H(2) production or oxidation. [NiFeSe] hydrogenases are a particularly interesting subgroup of the [NiFe] class that exhibit tolerance to O(2) inhibition and produce more H(2) than standard [NiFe] hydrogenases. However, the molecular determinants responsible for these properties remain unknown. Hydrophobic pathways for H(2) diffusion have been identified in [NiFe] hydrogenases, as have proton transfer pathways, but they have never been studied in [NiFeSe] hydrogenases. Our aim was, for the first time, to characterize the H(2) and proton pathways in a [NiFeSe] hydrogenase and compare them with those in a standard [NiFe] hydrogenase. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of H(2) diffusion in the [NiFeSe] hydrogenase from Desulfomicrobium baculatum and extended previous simulations of the [NiFe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas (Teixeira et al. in Biophys J 91:2035-2045, 2006). The comparison showed that H(2) density near the active site is much higher in [NiFeSe] hydrogenase, which appears to have an alternative route for the access of H(2) to the active site. We have also determined a possible proton transfer pathway in the [NiFeSe] hydrogenase from D. baculatum using continuum electrostatics and Monte Carlo simulation and compared it with the proton pathway we found in the [NiFe] hydrogenase from D. gigas (Teixeira et al. in Proteins 70:1010-1022, 2008). The residues constituting both proton transfer pathways are considerably different, although in the same region of the protein. These results support the hypothesis that some of the special properties of [NiFeSe] hydrogenases could be related to differences in the H(2) and proton pathways.