Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics analysis of human adrenal aging.

OBJECTIVE: The human adrenal cortex comprises three functionally and structurally distinct layers that produce layer-specific steroid hormones. With aging, the human adrenal cortex undergoes functional and structural alteration or "adrenal aging", leading to the unbalanced production of steroid hormones. Given the marked species differences in adrenal biology, the underlying mechanisms of human adrenal aging have not been sufficiently studied. This study was designed to elucidate the mechanisms linking the functional and structural alterations of the human adrenal cortex. METHODS: We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics analysis of the aged human adrenal cortex. RESULTS: The data of this study suggest that the layer-specific alterations of multiple signaling pathways underlie the abnormal layered structure and layer-specific changes in steroidogenic cells. We also highlighted that macrophages mediate age-related adrenocortical cell inflammation and senescence. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first detailed analysis of the aged human adrenal cortex at single-cell resolution and helps to elucidate the mechanism of human adrenal aging, thereby leading to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of age-related disorders associated with adrenal aging.

PNPO-PLP axis senses prolonged hypoxia in macrophages by regulating lysosomal activity.

Oxygen is critical for all metazoan organisms on the earth and impacts various biological processes in physiological and pathological conditions. While oxygen-sensing systems inducing acute hypoxic responses, including the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway, have been identified, those operating in prolonged hypoxia remain to be elucidated. Here we show that pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase (PNPO), which catalyses bioactivation of vitamin B6, serves as an oxygen sensor and regulates lysosomal activity in macrophages. Decreased PNPO activity under prolonged hypoxia reduced an active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), and inhibited lysosomal acidification, which in macrophages led to iron dysregulation, TET2 protein loss and delayed resolution of the inflammatory response. Among PLP-dependent metabolism, supersulfide synthesis was suppressed in prolonged hypoxia, resulting in the lysosomal inhibition and consequent proinflammatory phenotypes of macrophages. The PNPO-PLP axis creates a distinct layer of oxygen sensing that gradually shuts down PLP-dependent metabolism in response to prolonged oxygen deprivation.

Sphingolipid biosynthesis is essential for metabolic rewiring during TH17 cell differentiation.

T helper 17 (TH17) cells are implicated in autoimmune diseases, and several metabolic processes are shown to be important for their development and function. In this study, we report an essential role for sphingolipids synthesized through the de novo pathway in TH17 cell development. Deficiency of SPTLC1, a major subunit of serine palmitoyl transferase enzyme complex that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of de novo sphingolipid synthesis, impaired glycolysis in differentiating TH17 cells by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) through enhancement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 activity. Increased ROS leads to impaired activation of mammalian target of rapamycin C1 and reduced expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and c-Myc-induced glycolytic genes. SPTLCI deficiency protected mice from developing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and experimental T cell transfer colitis. Our results thus show a critical role for de novo sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway in shaping adaptive immune responses with implications in autoimmune diseases.

A new type of sulfation reaction: C-sulfonation for α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl groups by a novel sulfotransferase SULT7A1.

Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are cytosolic enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sulfonate group to key endogenous compounds, altering the physiological functions of their substrates. SULT enzymes catalyze the O-sulfonation of hydroxy groups or N-sulfonation of amino groups of substrate compounds. In this study, we report the discovery of C-sulfonation of α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl groups mediated by a new SULT enzyme, SULT7A1, and human SULT1C4. Enzymatic assays revealed that SULT7A1 is capable of transferring the sulfonate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the α-carbon of α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl-containing compounds, including cyclopentenone prostaglandins as representative endogenous substrates. Structural analyses of SULT7A1 suggest that the C-sulfonation reaction is catalyzed by a novel mechanism mediated by His and Cys residues in the active site. Ligand-activity assays demonstrated that sulfonated 15-deoxy prostaglandin J2 exhibits antagonist activity against the prostaglandin receptor EP2 and the prostacyclin receptor IP. Modification of α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl groups via the new prostaglandin-sulfonating enzyme, SULT7A1, may regulate the physiological function of prostaglandins in the gut. Discovery of C-sulfonation of α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl groups will broaden the spectrum of potential substrates and physiological functions of SULTs.

Trans-omic analysis reveals opposite metabolic dysregulation between feeding and fasting in liver associated with obesity.

Dysregulation of liver metabolism associated with obesity during feeding and fasting leads to the breakdown of metabolic homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we measured multi-omics data in the liver of wild-type and leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice at ad libitum feeding and constructed a differential regulatory trans-omic network of metabolic reactions. We compared the trans-omic network at feeding with that at 16 h fasting constructed in our previous study. Intermediate metabolites in glycolytic and nucleotide metabolism decreased in ob/ob mice at feeding but increased at fasting. Allosteric regulation reversely shifted between feeding and fasting, generally showing activation at feeding while inhibition at fasting in ob/ob mice. Transcriptional regulation was similar between feeding and fasting, generally showing inhibiting transcription factor regulations and activating enzyme protein regulations in ob/ob mice. The opposite metabolic dysregulation between feeding and fasting characterizes breakdown of metabolic homeostasis associated with obesity.

Comparison of Amine-Modified Polymeric Stationary Phases for Polar Metabolomic Analysis Based on Unified-Hydrophilic Interaction/Anion Exchange Liquid Chromatography/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (Unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS).

In metabolomic analysis, one of the most commonly used techniques to support the detection sensitivity and quantitation of mass spectrometry is combining it with liquid chromatography. Recently, we developed a method that enables comprehensive single-run measurement of hydrophilic metabolites using unified-hydrophilic interaction/anion exchange liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS) with a polymer-based mixed amines column (Gelpack GL-HilicAex). However, the importance of stationary phase functional groups and mobile phase conditions for the separation mechanisms and sensitive detection in unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS is not yet fully understood. This study aimed to understand the importance of the mobile and stationary phases in unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS. Two different alkali-resistant polymer-based amines-modified columns (Gelpack GL-HilicAex, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amine-modified polyglycerol dimethacrylate gel; Asahipak NH2P-50 2D, secondary amine-modified polyvinyl alcohol gel) and two eluents (acetonitrile and ammonium bicarbonate solution, pH 9.8) were used for comparative validation. A comparison of mobile phase conditions using both columns confirmed that the two-step separation from HILIC to AEX characteristic of unified-HILIC/AEX requires a linear gradient condition from acetonitrile to nearly 50% water and AEX with up to 40 mM bicarbonate ions. We found that when alkali-resistant hydrophilic polymer packing materials are modified with amines, unified-HILIC/AEX separation can be reproduced if at least one secondary amine associated with the amine series is present in the stationary phase. Furthermore, the difference in sensitivity in the HILIC and AEX modes owing to the different columns indicates the need for further improvements in the mobile phase composition and stationary phase.

Predicting Retention Time in Unified-Hydrophilic-Interaction/Anion-Exchange Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry (Unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS/MS) for Comprehensive Structural Annotation of Polar Metabolome.

The accuracy of the structural annotation of unidentified peaks obtained in metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) can be enhanced using retention time (RT) information as well as precursor and product ions. Unified-hydrophilic-interaction/anion-exchange liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS/MS) has been recently developed as an innovative method ideal for nontargeted polar metabolomics. However, the RT prediction for unified-HILIC/AEX has not been developed because of the complex separation mechanism characterized by the continuous transition of the separation modes from HILIC to AEX. In this study, we propose an RT prediction model of unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS/MS, which enables the comprehensive structural annotation of polar metabolites. With training data for 203 polar metabolites, we ranked the feature importance using a random forest among 12,420 molecular descriptors (MDs) and constructed an RT prediction model with 26 selected MDs. The accuracy of the RT model was evaluated using test data for 51 polar metabolites, and 86.3% of the ΔRTs (difference between measured and predicted RTs) were within ±1.50 min, with a mean absolute error of 0.80 min, indicating high RT prediction accuracy. Nontargeted metabolomic data from the NIST SRM 1950-Metabolites in frozen human plasma were analyzed using the developed RT model and in silico MS/MS prediction, resulting in a successful structural estimation of 216 polar metabolites, in addition to the 62 identified based on standards. The proposed model can help accelerate the structural annotation of unknown hydrophilic metabolites, which is a key issue in metabolomic research.

Sulfated bile acid is a host-derived ligand for MAIT cells.

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize bacterial riboflavin-based metabolites as activating antigens. Although MAIT cells are found in tissues, it is unknown whether any host tissue-derived antigens exist. Here, we report that a sulfated bile acid, cholic acid 7-sulfate (CA7S), binds the nonclassical MHC class I protein MR1 and is recognized by MAIT cells. CA7S is a host-derived metabolite whose levels were reduced by more than 98% in germ-free mice. Deletion of the sulfotransferase 2a family of enzymes (Sult2a1-8) responsible for CA7S synthesis reduced the number of thymic MAIT cells in mice. Moreover, recognition of CA7S induced MAIT cell survival and the expression of a homeostatic gene signature. By contrast, recognition of a previously described foreign antigen, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU), drove MAIT cell proliferation and the expression of inflammatory genes. Thus, CA7S is an endogenous antigen for MAIT cells, which promotes their development and function.

Correlation between plasma glutamate and adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Visceral fat accumulation is a major determinant of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have reported that glutamate is the most elevated amino acid in the plasma amino acid profile in patients with obesity and/or visceral fat accumulation. Here, we show the relationship between plasma glutamate and the clinical features of patients with type 2 diabetes. The study subjects were 62 (28 men and 34 women) Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Blood profiles, including glutamate and adiponectin (APN) levels and estimated visceral fat area (eVFA), were measured. We also evaluated the plasma amino acid levels in mice with or without obesity by GC/MS analysis. In patients with type 2 diabetes, plasma glutamate was positively correlated with BMI, eVFA, and fasting insulin but negatively correlated with APN and duration of diabetes. Additionally, multiple regression analysis revealed that plasma glutamate was a significant determinant of APN. The plasma glutamate level was most significantly increased in obese mice compared to control mice, and it was negatively correlated with APN. These results suggest that the level of plasma glutamate could be a strong indicator of adipocyte dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Wide-scope targeted analysis of bioactive lipids in human plasma by LC/MS/MS.

Quantitative information on blood metabolites can be used in developing advanced medical strategies such as early detection and prevention of disease. Monitoring bioactive lipids such as steroids, bile acids, and PUFA metabolites could be a valuable indicator of health status. However, a method for simultaneously measuring these bioactive lipids has not yet been developed. Here, we report a LC/MS/MS method that can simultaneously measure 144 bioactive lipids, including steroids, bile acids, and PUFA metabolites, from human plasma, and a sample preparation method for these targets. Protein removal by methanol precipitation and purification of bioactive lipids by solid-phase extraction improved the recovery of the targeted compounds in human plasma samples, demonstrating the importance of sample preparation methods for a wide range of bioactive lipid analyses. Using the developed method, we studied the plasma from healthy human volunteers and confirmed the presence of bioactive lipid molecules associated with sex differences and circadian rhythms. The developed method of bioactive lipid analysis can be applied to health monitoring and disease biomarker discovery in precision medicine.

Efficient lipidomic approach for the discovery of lipid ligands for immune receptors by combining LC-HRMS/MS analysis with fractionation and reporter cell assay.

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), which are pattern recognition receptors responsible for triggering innate immune responses, recognize damaged self-components and immunostimulatory lipids from pathogenic bacteria; however, several of their ligands remain unknown. Here, we propose a new analytical platform combining liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry with microfractionation capability (LC-FRC-HRMS/MS) and a reporter cell assay for sensitive activity measurements to develop an efficient methodology for searching for lipid ligands of CLR from microbial trace samples (crude cell extracts of approximately 5 mg dry cell/mL). We also developed an in-house lipidomic library containing accurate mass and fragmentation patterns of more than 10,000 lipid molecules predicted in silico for 90 lipid subclasses and 35 acyl side chain fatty acids. Using the developed LC-FRC-HRMS/MS system, the lipid extracts of Helicobacter pylori were separated and fractionated, and HRMS and HRMS/MS spectra were obtained simultaneously. The fractionated lipid extract samples in 96-well plates were thereafter subjected to reporter cell assays using nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter cells expressing mouse or human macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle). A total of 102 lipid molecules from all fractions were annotated using an in-house lipidomic library. Furthermore, a fraction that exhibited significant activity in the NFAT-GFP reporter cell assay contained α-cholesteryl glucoside, a type of glycolipid, which was successfully identified as a lipid ligand molecule for Mincle. Our analytical platform has the potential to be a useful tool for efficient discovery of lipid ligands for immunoreceptors.

Improved endurance capacity of diabetic mice during SGLT2 inhibition: Role of AICARP, an AMPK activator in the soleus.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of deleterious changes in muscle mass and function or sarcopenia, leading to physical inactivity and worsening glycaemic control. Given the negative energy balance during sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibition, whether SGLT2 inhibitors affect skeletal muscle mass and function is a matter of concern. However, how SGLT2 inhibition affects the skeletal muscle function in patients with diabetes remains insufficiently explored. We aimed to explore the effects of canagliflozin (CANA), an SGLT2 inhibitor, on skeletal muscles in genetically diabetic db/db mice focusing on the differential responses of oxidative and glycolytic muscles. METHODS: Db/db mice were treated with CANA for 4 weeks. We measured running distance and handgrip strength to assess skeletal muscle function during CANA treatment. At the end of the experiment, we performed a targeted metabolome analysis of the skeletal muscles. RESULTS: CANA treatment improved the reduced endurance capacity, as revealed by running distance in db/db mice (414.9 ± 52.8 vs. 88.7 ± 22.7 m, P < 0.05). Targeted metabolome analysis revealed that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-ß-D-ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate (AICARP), a naturally occurring AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, increased in the oxidative soleus muscle (P < 0.05), but not in the glycolytic extensor digitorum longus muscle (P = 0.4376), with increased levels of AMPK phosphorylation (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the potential role of the AICARP/AMPK pathway in oxidative rather than glycolytic skeletal muscles during SGLT2 inhibition, providing novel insights into the mechanism by which SGLT2 inhibitors improve endurance capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Improved 2,3-Butanediol Production Rate of Metabolically Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Deletion of RIM15 and Activation of Pyruvate Consumption Pathway.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a promising host for the bioproduction of higher alcohols, such as 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO). Metabolically engineered S. cerevisiae strains that produce 2,3-BDO via glycolysis have been constructed. However, the specific 2,3-BDO production rates of engineered strains must be improved. To identify approaches to improving the 2,3-BDO production rate, we investigated the factors contributing to higher ethanol production rates in certain industrial strains of S. cerevisiae compared to laboratory strains. Sequence analysis of 11 industrial strains revealed the accumulation of many nonsynonymous substitutions in RIM15, a negative regulator of high fermentation capability. Comparative metabolome analysis suggested a positive correlation between the rate of ethanol production and the activity of the pyruvate-consuming pathway. Based on these findings, RIM15 was deleted, and the pyruvate-consuming pathway was activated in YHI030, a metabolically engineered S. cerevisiae strain that produces 2,3-BDO. The titer, specific production rate, and yield of 2,3-BDO in the test tube-scale culture using the YMS106 strain reached 66.4 ± 4.4 mM, 1.17 ± 0.017 mmol (g dry cell weight h)-1, and 0.70 ± 0.03 mol (mol glucose consumed)-1. These values were 2.14-, 2.92-, and 1.81-fold higher than those of the vector control, respectively. These results suggest that bioalcohol production via glycolysis can be enhanced in a metabolically engineered S. cerevisiae strain by deleting RIM15 and activating the pyruvate-consuming pathway.

Lipidome and metabolome analyses reveal metabolic alterations associated with MCF-7 apoptosis upon 4-hydroxytamoxifen treatment.

4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHT) is an anti-cancer drug that induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Although changes in lipid levels and mitochondrial respiration have been observed in OHT-treated cells, the overall mechanisms underlying these metabolic alterations are poorly understood. In this study, time-series metabolomics and lipidomics were used to analyze the changes in metabolic profiles induced by OHT treatment in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. Lipidomic and metabolomic analyses revealed increases in ceramide, diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol, and decreases in citrate, respectively. Gene expression analyses revealed increased expression of ATP-dependent citrate lyase (ACLY) and subsequent fatty acid biosynthetic enzymes, suggesting that OHT-treated MCF-7 cells activate citrate-to-lipid metabolism. The significance of the observed metabolic changes was evaluated by co-treating MCF-7 cells with OHT and ACLY or a diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) inhibitor. Co-treatment ameliorated cell death and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential compared to that in OHT treatment alone. The inhibition of cell death by co-treatment with an ACLY inhibitor has been observed in other breast cancer cell lines. These results suggest that citrate-to-lipid metabolism is critical for OHT-induced cell death in breast cancer cell lines.

Trace impurities in sodium phosphate influences the physiological activity of Escherichia coli in M9 minimal medium.

In the field of applied microbiology, reproducibility and experimental variability are important factors that influence both basic research as well as process development for industrial applications. Experimental reproducibility and accuracy depend not only on culture conditions such as temperature and aeration but also on raw materials and procedures used for media preparation. The M9 minimal medium is one of the most common synthetic media for culturing Escherichia coli and other bacteria. This synthetic medium can be used to observe and evaluate the physiological activity of microbes under minimal nutritional requirements and determine the limiting factor for the desired phenotype. Although one of the advantages using the M9 medium is that its composition can be modulated, it is difficult to control presence of trace components and impurities from the reagents for preparing this medium. Herein, we showed that trace ingredients present in the reagents used for M9 media preparation affect the bacterial physiological activities (e.g., cell growth, substrate consumption, and byproduct formation). Additionally, we systematically identified the trace ingredient that influenced phenotypic differences. Our results showed that the selection of reagents and accuracy during reagent preparation is important for experimental reproducibility in the field of bio-engineering and systems biology focused on the systematic and continuous development of biomolecular systems (e.g., biorefinery, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology).

Adrenal steroid metabolites and bone status in patients with adrenal incidentalomas and hypercortisolism.

BACKGROUND: Autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS), resulting from cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA), causes endogenous steroid-induced osteoporosis (SIOP). However, the risk of endogenous SIOP cannot be explained by cortisol excess alone, and how other steroid metabolites affect bone status is unclear. METHODS: ACS was diagnosed as serum cortisol ≥1.8 µg/dL after the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST-cortisol). Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, 21 plasma steroid metabolites were measured in 73 patients with ACS and 85 patients with non-functioning adrenal tumors (NFAT). Expression of steroidogenic enzymes and relevant steroid metabolites were analyzed in some of CPA tissues. FINDINGS: Discriminant and principal component analyses distinguished steroid profiles between the ACS and NFAT groups in premenopausal women. Premenopausal women with ACS exhibited higher levels of a mineralocorticoid metabolite, 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC), and lower levels of androgen metabolites, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, and androsterone-glucuronide. In premenopausal women with ACS, DST-cortisol negatively correlated with trabecular bone score (TBS). Additionally, 11-DOC negatively correlated with lumbar spine-bone mineral density, whereas androsterone-glucuronide positively correlated with TBS. The CPA tissues showed increased 11-DOC levels with increased expression of CYP21A2, essential for 11-DOC synthesis. Adrenal non-tumor tissues were atrophied with reduced expression of CYB5A, required for androgen synthesis. INTERPRETATION: This study demonstrates that unbalanced production of adrenal steroid metabolites, derived from both adrenal tumor and non-tumor tissues, contributes to the pathogenesis of endogenous SIOP in premenopausal women with ACS. FUNDING: JSPS KAKENHI, Secom Science and Technology Foundation, Takeda Science Foundation, Japan Foundation for Applied Enzymology, AMED-CREST, JSTA-STEP, JST-Moonshot, and Ono Medical Research Foundation.

Modulation of host glutamine anabolism enhances the sensitivity of small cell lung cancer to chemotherapy.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the deadliest human cancers, with a 5-year survival rate of ∼7%. Here, we performed a targeted proteomics analysis of human SCLC samples and thereby identified hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) in the salvage purine synthesis pathway as a factor that contributes to SCLC malignancy by promoting cell survival in a glutamine-starved environment. Inhibition of HPRT1 by 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) in combination with methotrexate (MTX), which blocks the de novo purine synthesis pathway, attenuated the growth of SCLC in mouse xenograft models. Moreover, modulation of host glutamine anabolism with the glutamine synthetase inhibitor methionine sulfoximine (MSO) in combination with 6-MP and MTX treatment resulted in marked tumor suppression and prolongation of host survival. Our results thus suggest that modulation of host glutamine anabolism combined with simultaneous inhibition of the de novo and salvage purine synthesis pathways may be of therapeutic benefit for SCLC.

Sulfur metabolic response in macrophage limits excessive inflammatory response by creating a negative feedback loop.

The excessive inflammatory response of macrophages plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The dynamic metabolic alterations in macrophages, including amino acid metabolism, are known to orchestrate their inflammatory phenotype. To explore a new metabolic pathway that regulates the inflammatory response, we examined metabolome changes in mouse peritoneal macrophages (PMs) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and found a coordinated increase of cysteine and its related metabolites, suggesting an enhanced demand for cysteine during the inflammatory response. Because Slc7a11, which encodes a cystine transporter xCT, was remarkably upregulated upon the pro-inflammatory challenge and found to serve as a major channel of cysteine supply, we examined the inflammatory behavior of Slc7a11 knockout PMs (xCT-KO PMs) to clarify an impact of the increased cysteine demand on inflammation. The xCT-KO PMs exhibited a prolonged upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes, which was recapitulated by cystine depletion in the culture media of wild-type PMs, suggesting that cysteine facilitates the resolution of inflammation. Detailed analysis of the sulfur metabolome revealed that supersulfides, such as cysteine persulfide, were increased in PMs in response to LPS, which was abolished in xCT-KO PMs. Supplementation of N-acetylcysteine tetrasulfide (NAC-S2), a supersulfide donor, attenuated the pro-inflammatory gene expression in xCT-KO PMs. Thus, activated macrophages increase cystine uptake via xCT and produce supersulfides, creating a negative feedback loop to limit excessive inflammation. Our study highlights the finely tuned regulation of macrophage inflammatory response by sulfur metabolism.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) intake increases plasma NMN and insulin levels in healthy subjects.

INTRODUCTION: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme of the NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). An increase in NAD+ concentration induces SIRT1 activation that results in various health benefits. Since nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a precursor of NAD+, NMN ingestion is expected to have multiple health benefits such as alleviation of aging, lifestyle-related and neurodegenerative diseases, through the activation of SIRT1. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of daily NMN ingestion on plasma levels of NMN and NAD+. METHODS: Healthy volunteers received 250 mg of NMN once a day in the morning (n = 11) for 12 weeks, and the plasma concentrations of NMN and NAD+ were measured monthly. Physiological and laboratory tests were performed within 2 h after lunch (at 2 pm) before and during NMN administration. RESULTS: Oral administration of NMN increased the plasma concentrations of NMN and NAD+, and the postprandial serum insulin levels. The elevation levels of NMN and insulin varied widely among individuals. No adverse symptoms were observed in the participants. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of NMN elevates plasma levels of NMN and NAD+, and postprandial serum insulin levels.

Oleic Acid-Containing Phosphatidylinositol Is a Blood Biomarker Candidate for SPG28.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia is a genetic neurological disorder characterized by spasticity of the lower limbs, and spastic paraplegia type 28 is one of its subtypes. Spastic paraplegia type 28 is a hereditary neurogenerative disorder with an autosomal recessive inheritance caused by loss of function of DDHD1. DDHD1 encodes phospholipase A1, which catalyzes phospholipids to lysophospholipids such as phosphatidic acids and phosphatidylinositols to lysophosphatidic acids and lysophoshatidylinositols. Quantitative changes in these phospholipids can be key to the pathogenesis of SPG28, even at subclinical levels. By lipidome analysis using plasma from mice, we globally examined phospholipids to identify molecules showing significant quantitative changes in Ddhd1 knockout mice. We then examined reproducibility of the quantitative changes in human sera including SPG28 patients. We identified nine kinds of phosphatidylinositols that show significant increases in Ddhd1 knockout mice. Of these, four kinds of phosphatidylinositols replicated the highest level in the SPG28 patient serum. All four kinds of phosphatidylinositols contained oleic acid. This observation suggests that the amount of oleic acid-containing PI was affected by loss of function of DDHD1. Our results also propose the possibility of using oleic acid-containing PI as a blood biomarker for SPG28.