[Feasibility and results of at-home follow-up after early postpartum discharge from maternity units in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso]. / Faisabilité et résultat d'un suivi à domicile d'accouchées sorties précocement de la maternité à Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the feasibility and results of at-home follow-up of mothers and newborns discharged early from the maternity ward after normal childbirth. METHOD: This prospective descriptive study took place during a one month period (April 1-30, 2011) in five maternity units in Bobo-Dioulasso, the second largest city in Burkina Faso. Mothers with normal vaginal deliveries and no complications at the sixth hour postpartum were included in the study with their newborns after informed oral consent. The discharge took place between 12 and 48 hours after delivery. The follow-up took place by telephone, home visits, and emergency hospital visits in cases of complications. A postnatal hospital visit was systematically planned for day 7. RESULTS: The study included 630 mothers and their babies. There were 1567 phone calls made: 27 women could not be reached by telephone after discharge, and 140 home visits took place, either at the mother's request or because of the failure to reach her by telephone. Complications were observed in 55 mothers and 135 babies. CONCLUSION: Postnatal follow-up at home is required for mothers and their newborns discharged early from the maternity ward after normal childbirth in view of the possibility of complications. This ensures continuity of care to improve survival of mothers and babies. As cell phones become more and more available, they may play an important role as a tool for such follow up.

Seroprevalence of latent Toxoplasma gondii infection among HIV-infected pregnant women in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.

The deficit of cellular immunity, as found in HIV infected individuals, may lead to the reactivation of latent Toxoplasma gondii cysts, with as consequence, the occurrence of toxoplasmosis and an eventual vertical transmission of the disease during pregnancy. The present study was designed for determining the occurrence of latent Toxoplasma gondii among HIV-infected pregnant women during the first trimester in Bobo-Dioulasso. Thus, 348 pregnant women aged from 17 to 47 years (average age of 6.64 ± 4.75 yaers) were enrolled. The specific anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies were quantified from whole blood specimens using the high-sensitivity direct agglutination and the enzyme linked fluorescent assays, respectively, the IgG avidity test being used for the dating of the primary infection. The results revealed that the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii latent infection was 34.7%. It was significantly higher in HIV-infected women compared with uninfected ones (68,7%; CI 95%: 43,6%-88,9%) versus (33,1%; CI 95%: 28, 2%-38,3%). In addition, all the occurrences of the high IgG avidity were closely linked with the presence of IgM. These results underlined the need for the clinical follow-up of the maternal HIV diseases including the toxoplasmosis during the pregnancy since; the newborns are still exposed to vertical transmission of Toxoplasma infection in endemic areas like Burkina Faso.

[Screening and management of the maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso]. / Depistage et prise en charge de la toxoplasmose maternelle et congenitale a Bobo-Doulasso, Burkina Faso.

The objectives of this prospective study, conducted from November 2011 to July 2013, in Bobo-Dioulasso were to evaluate seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection and to screen for maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis during pergravidic monitoring. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Techniques of High Sensitivity Direct Agglutination (HSDA) and Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) were used for the detection of IgG and IgM toxoplasma respectively. The IgG avidity assay was used for the dating of seroconversion. Screening and monitoring for fetal lesions were echographic. In case of seroconversion, a prenatal treatment with pyrimethamine and sulphonamide was introduced. Systematically and regularly immunoassay surveillance of newborn from cases of recent pergravidic toxoplasmosis was performed until complete and final negativity of serology. RESULTS: In total 301 pregnant women were included. The overall seroprevalence was 31.9%. Three cases of seroconversion (0.9%) including two cases at the 22nd and one at the 41th week of amenorrhea were noted. Series of obstetrical echography have detected no case of fetal Toxoplasma gondii infection and no congenital toxoplasmosis was detected. CONCLUSION: This study underlines the importance of implementation of a legal disposition for screening and routine monitoring of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. This is due to the low rate (31.9%) of toxoplasma immunity among gestante in Burkina Faso that may lead to pergravidic acute toxoplasmosis or congenital toxoplasmosis whose outcome is often fatal.

Les objectifs de la présente étude prospective conduite de Novembre 2011 à Juillet 2013 à Bobo-Dioulasso ont été d'évaluer la séroprévalence de l'infection toxoplasmique et de dépister une toxoplasmose maternelle et congénitale au cours du suivi pergravidique. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Les techniques d'agglutination haute sensibilité (ADHS) et ELFA (enzyme linked fluorescent assay) ont respectivement servi à la détection des IgG et d'IgM anti toxoplasmiques. Le test d'avidité des IgG a servi à la datation de la séroconversion. Le dépistage et le suivi des lésions fœtales ont été échographiques. En cas de séroconversion, un traitement anténatal associant pyriméthamine et sulfamide a été instauré. Une surveillance immunologique systématique et régulière du nouveau-né issu de cas de séroconversion toxoplasmqiue a été faite jusqu'à négativation complète et définitive de la sérologie. RÉSULTATS: Au total, 301 gestantes ont été incluses. La séroprévalence globale a été de 31,9%. Trois cas de séroconversion (0,9%) dont deux à la 22 ème et un à la 41ème semaine d'aménorrhée ont été notés. Les séries d'échographies obstétricales n'ont dépisté aucun cas d'infection toxoplasmique fœtale et aucune toxoplasmose congénitale n'a été détectée. CONCLUSION: Cette étude souligne l'intérêt de la mise en place d'une disposition légale de dépistage et de surveillance systématique de la toxoplasmose gestationnelle. Ceci en raison du faible taux (31,9%) de l'immunité toxoplasmique de la gestante au Burkina Faso qui peut conduire à une toxoplasmose aiguë pergravidique voire une toxoplasmose congénitale dont l'issue est parfois fatale.

[Knowledge, attitudes and practices of general practitioners about asthma in the city of Ouagadougou]. / Connaissances, Attitudes Et Pratiques Des Medecins Generalistes Sur L'Asthme A Ouagadougou.

INTRODUCTION: In spite of a better understanding of the physiopathology of asthma and the existence of effective molecules, morbidity and mortality of asthma across the world are constantly increasing. International guidelines are not apparently applied. This study intended to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of general practitioners on asthma in Ouagadougou. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional anonymous self-administered questionnaire involving 93 General Practitioners practicing in Ouagadougou. RESULTS: The participation rate was 63.4% or 59 respondents. The majority of General Practitioners (88%).know the chronic nature of asthma and 61% of them had good knowledge of severe asthma signs. The post-exercise asthma and medication asthma were known respectively by 22% and 15% of General Practitioners. Knowledge of the technique of using pressurized metered dose inhalers was bad in 54% of General Practitioners. In intermittent asthma, 52.5% of General Practitioners prescribed steroids including 27% in oral form. Inhaled corticosteroids were associated with ß2-agonists by 34% of General Practitioners in persistent asthma. After initial treatment, 44% of study physicians routinely referred their patients to pulmonologists. Drug costs, lack of in-service training and lack of national guidelines were perceived as barriers by 56%, 66% and 44% of General Practitioners. CONCLUSION: The management of asthma is not optimal. The training of General Practitioners on the management of asthma is essential.

Chirurgie des prolapsus genitaux au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou de Bobo-Dioulasso; Burkina-Faso

Objectifs. Decrire les types de prolapsus genitaux et en analyser les complications post-chirurgicales au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou (CHUSS) de Bobo-Dioulasso. Methode. Etude prospective et descriptive de 39 patientes operees de prolapsus genital entre le 1er avril 2005 et le 30 septembre 2006. Le follow-up a ete effectue 6 semaines; 3mois; puis 6 mois apres la chirurgie. Un questionnaire ecrit; semi-structure a permis le recueil de donnees cliniques et les protocoles operatoires ont ete revus. Resultats : Trente-neuf patientes; porteuses de 84 types de prolapsus diagnostiques (42;86); ont ete operees; representant pres de 10 de l'ensemble d'interventions gynecologiques programmees. La frequence annuelle des prolapsus genitaux en consultation gynecologique etait de 4;2. Les lesions etaient souvent associees (77) et interessaient les 3 etages dans 49 des cas. La cystocele etait la plus frequente (79;5); suivie de la rectocele (71;8) et des hysteroceles (50). Deux tiers des interventions concernaient les prolapsus de degre 4. Six techniques operatoires ont ete repertoriees; la plus frequente etant la triple operation perineale (51;3). Les complications per operatoires (15;4) ont ete : une plaie vesicale; deux plaies rectales; et trois cas d'hemorragies. Deux patientes ont developpe une retention urinaire aigue en postoperatoire immediat (5;1). A 6 mois de suivi postoperatoire; 7 cas de recidives (15;38) ont ete enregistres : parmi lesquels; 6 cystoceles apparues des la 6eme semaine. Conclusion : La cystocele est le type de prolapsus le plus frequent dans notre service ; elle en represente avec l'hemorragie; les principales complications postchirurgicales; justifiant l'elaboration de lignes directrices pour une prise en charge efficace de cette pathologie

Connaissances; attitudes et pratiques des medecins generalistes sur l'asthme a Ouagadougou

Contexte : Malgre une meilleure comprehension de la physiopathologie de l'asthme et de l'existence de molecules efficaces; la morbidite et la mortalite de l'asthme a travers le monde sont en constante augmentation. Le constat est que les directives internationales ne semblent pas etre appliquees. Cette etude se propose d'evaluer les connaissances; les attitudes et les pratiques des medecins generalistes sur l'asthme a Ouagadougou. Methode : Il s'agit d'une etude transversale descriptive et analytique par questionnaire anonyme auto administre qui a concerne 93 medecins generalistes exercant a Ouagadougou. Resultats : Le taux de participation etait de 63;4soit 59 repondants. La majorite des medecins (88) connaissait le caractere chronique de l'asthme et 61des medecins avaient une bonne connaissance des signes de l'asthme aigue grave. L'asthme post-exercice et l'asthme medicamenteux etaient respectivement connus de 22et de 15des medecins. La connaissance de la technique d'utilisation des aerosols doseurs pressurises etait mauvaise chez 54des medecins. Dans l'asthme intermittent; 52;5des medecins prescrivaient des corticoides dont 27sous forme orale. Dans l'asthme persistant; les corticoides inhales etaient associes au mimetiques par 34des medecins. Apres la prise en charge initiale; 44des medecins de l'etude referaient systematiquement leurs malades aux pneumologues. Le cout des medicaments; le manque de formation continue et le manque de directives nationales etaient percus comme des obstacles par respectivement 56; 66et 44des medecins generalistes. Conclusion : La prise en charge de l'asthme n'est pas optimale. La formation des medecins generalistes sur la prise en charge de cette maladie s'avere indispensable

Intégration de l'inspection visuelle du col a l'acide acétique dans les services de soins après avortement et de planification familiale au CHU de Bobo-Dioulasso

Objectif : Evaluer l'intégration du dépistage du cancer du col par IVA dans les services de soins après avortement (SAA) et de planification familiale (PF) dans un hôpital universitaire.Méthodologie : L'étude s'est déroulée dans les unités de Soins Après Avortement (SAA) et de planification familiale (PF) du CHU de Bobo Dioulasso au Burkina Faso. Les données ont été collectées rétrospectivement sur les clientes de PAC et de PF ayant bénéficié du dépistage du cancer du col par IVA pendant la période du 1er janvier 2009 au 31 aout 2010. Le personnel des deux unités a également été interrogé sur son point de vue sur l'intégration des services et les difficultés de sa mise en œuvre.Résultats : Le nombre de femmes ayant consulté dans les deux unités pendant la période de l'étude était de 3161. Leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques étaient les suivantes : âge moyen de 32,8 ans, mariées dans 93,50% des cas, sans profession dans 78,8% ; gestité et parité moyennes respectives de 3,8 et 2,9 et un taux d'utilisation d'une méthode contraceptive de 66,7%. Au total 460 femmes ont bénéficié du dépistage des lésions précancéreuses par l'IVA soit 14,6% des consultantes et 70,2% de ces femmes ont bénéficié du dépistage en plus des soins pour lesquels elles ont consulté. L'IVA a été normal dans la majorité des cas (426 sur 460), positive chez 12 femmes et une IST a été diagnostiquée dans 54 cas (11,7%). Les principales difficultés évoquées par le personnel sont l'insuffisance de personnel formé et les problèmes logistiques.Conclusion : L'intégration du dépistage du cancer du col dans les services de SAA et de PF n'a pas donné les résultats escomptés dans les deux services à savoir l'augmentation de l'accès au dépistage. La formation du personnel, la résolution des problèmes logistiques dans les deux services ainsi qu'une meilleure organisation des soins doivent permettre d'améliorer le taux de dépistage

[Audit of medical records]. / Audit des dossiers médicaux.

OBJECTIVE: TO assess the quality of medical records in a university teaching hospital in Africa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study at the Souro Sanou University Teaching Hospital of Bobo Dioulasso in Burkina Faso, by randomly selecting 480 medical records from 4 clinical departments (internal medicine, obstetrics & gynaecology, paediatrics and surgery). Items recorded were based mainly on those used by the French agency for the evaluation of health services (now the HAS). Ten physicians were also interviewed about medical file ergonomics file. Descriptive statistics were compiled from the data collected. RESULTS: Only 368 of the 480 records could be found. Two of the four departments had an adequate record room. Assessment of the overall quality of the files noted that: i) 95 to 100% of the records were in good physical condition; ii) the handwriting in the files was legible in 94 to 100% of the cases; iii) the identity of the staff members making file entries could be determined in 73 to 92% of the cases. A detailed examination of the content of the files revealed that: i) the patient's social and demographic characteristics (name, sex, age, residence, occupation, marital status and religion) were available in 26 to 99% of the cases; ii) the mode of admission was noted in 52 to 88%; iii) the reason for admission was stated in 83 to 100%; iv) the main diagnosis was reported in 68 to 100%; v) surgery notes were found for 93 to 100% of patients who underwent surgery; vi) the disposition on discharge was not found in 31% of the records; vii) the circumstances of death were not recorded for 77% of the patients who died. CONCLUSION: The quality of medical records at Souro University Teaching Hospital must be improved, through improving staff awareness and regular audits.

[Epidemio-clinical aspects of bacterial acute infant Pneumopathies at Yalgado Ouédraogo University Health Center]. / Aspects Epidemio-Cliniques des Pneumopathies Aiguës Bacteriennes de L'Enfant Au Chu Yalgado Ouedraogo.

INTRODUCTION: Infections of low respiratory tracks represent a public health issue and are a frequent reason for antibiotic prescription . For children in Africa, they are the main morbidity factor (50% of visits) and mortality (about 20% of infant mortality). Actually, the antibiotherapy, mainly probabilistic, rests on the awareness of the epidemiology of the germs which are responsible in a given region, at a given period. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Epidemio-clinical aspects of bacterial acute infant Pneumopathies at Yalgado Ouédraogo Univercity Health Center. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This a descriptive retrospective study, base on the files of hospitalized patients in the Paediatric Unit of CHU YO from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2006. RESULTS: All in all, 5803 patients with 658 cases of acute bacterial pneumopathy (11.3%) were hospitalized in the paediatric unit. Besides, acute bacterial Pneumopathies, 254 patients had another associated affection. Proteino-calorific malnutrition were frequent (59.7%), coupled with anaemia (36%). The reported most frequent germs are respectively: Streptococcus pneumoniae (29.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.3%) et Staphylococcus aureus (25%). The streptococcus was sensitive to association amoxicilline + clavulanic in 66.7% of the cases, to ceftriaxone in 57.1 % of cases. It was 100% resistant to ampicilline and to amoxicilline. The clinical evolution of our patients was favorable in 90% of the cases with 5.5% deaths. CONCLUSION: Pneumopathies affect mostly children who are less than 2 years old favored by malnutrition and anaemia. The high morbid-morbidity related to this pathology could be improved through a better awareness and regular updating of local bacterial ecology.

[Epidemio-clinical aspects of adult acute bacterial pneumonia at Yalgado Ouédraogo University Health Center]. / Aspects Epidemio-cliniques des Pneumopathies Aiguës Bacteriennes de L'Adulte au Chu Yalgado Ouedraogo.

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial Pneumopathies are low respiratory infections due to parenchyma pulmonary attack, which etiologic agent is a bacteria different from tubercular bacillus. Factually, the treatment is based on a probalistic antibiotherapy. This requires awareness of the epidemiology of the germs which are responsible in a given region, at a given period. PATIENTS AND METHOD: In order to better grasp mainly the bacteriological and therapeutic aspects of adult bacterial Pneumopathies in Burkina Faso, we have come up with a two year journal/documentary. RESULTS: The reported most frequent germs are respectively: Streptococcus pneumoniae (32,6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21%) et Staphylococcus aureus (13,9%). Negative Gram bacteries represented 53.5% of isolated germ and Acinetobacter was found only with HIV positive patients. The streptococcus was sensitive to association amoxicilline + clavulanic in 91.7% of the cases, to ceftriaxone in 83.3% of cases, to ampicilline and to amoxicilline in 66.7% of cases The clinical evolution of our patients was favorable in 74.5% of the cases with 21.8% deaths. The evolution was more significant within alcoholic patients (p = 0.001) as well as tobacco addicted patients (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The high morbi-morbidity due to acute pneumopathy could be improved through a better awareness and regular updating of local bacterial ecology.

Aspects épidémio-cliniques des pneumopathies aigues bactériennes de l'adulte au CHU Yalgado Ouedraogo

Introduction : Les pneumopathies bactériennes sont des infections respiratoires basses par atteinte du parenchyme pulmonaire, dont l'agent étiologique est une bactérie autre que le bacille tuberculeux. En pratique, le traitement repose sur une antibiothérapie probabiliste. Ce qui requiert une connaissance de l'épidémiologie des germes responsables dans une région donnée, à un moment donné. Patients et méthode : Ainsi afin de mieux appréhender essentiellement les aspects bactériologiques et thérapeutique des pneumo-pathies bactériennes de l'adulte au Burkina Faso, nous avons réalisé une revue documentaire de deux ans. Résultats : Les germes les plus fréquemment identifiés ont été respectivement Streptococcus pneumoniae (32,6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21%) et Staphylococcus aureus (13,9%). Les bactéries Gram négatif ont représenté 53,5% des germes isolés et l'Acinetobacter n'a été retrouvé que chez les patients à sérologie VIH positive. Le streptocoque a été sensible à l'association amoxicilline + acide clavulanique dans 91,7% des cas, à la ceftriaxone dans 83,3% des cas, à l'ampicilline et à l'amoxicilline dans 66,7% des cas. L'évolution clinique de nos patients a été favorable dans 74,5% des cas et soldé par un décès dans 21,8% des cas. L'évolution était significativement plus défavorable chez les patients éthyliques (p=0,001), ainsi que les malades tabagiques (p=0,02).Conclusion : La forte morbi-morbidité par pneumopathie aigue pourrait être améliorée grâce à une meilleure connaissance et à une mise à jour régulière de l'écologie bactérienne locale

Aspects epidemio-cliniques des pneumopathies aigues bacteriennes de l'enfant au CHU Yalgado Ouedraogo

Introduction : Les infections des voies respiratoires basses constituent un probleme de sante publique et sont un motif tres frequent de prescription d'antibiotiques . Chez les enfants d'Afrique; elles sont le principal facteur de morbidite (50des causes de frequentation des structures sanitaires) et de mortalite (environ 20de la mortalite infantile). En pratique; l'antibiotherapie; generalement probabiliste; repose sur la connaissance de l'epidemiologie des germes responsables dans une region donnee; a un moment donne. Le but de cette etude etait de d'evaluer les Aspects epidemio-cliniques des pneumopathies aigues bacteriennes de l'enfant au CHU Yalgado Ouedraogo. Patients et methode : Il s'agit d'une etude retrospective de type descriptif; portant sur les dossiers des patients hospitalises dans le service de Pediatrie du CHUYO du 1er janvier 2005 au 31 decembre 2006. Resultats : Au total; 5.803 patients dont 658 cas de pneumopathies aigues bacteriennes (11;3) ont ete hospitalises dans le service de Pediatrie. En plus de la pneumopathie aigue bacterienne; 254 patients ont presente une autre affection associee. La malnutrition proteino-calorique etait la plus frequente (59;7); suivie de l'anemie (36;6). Les germes les plus frequemment identifie ont ete respectivement Streptococcus pneumoniae (29;3); Klebsiella pneumoniae (29;3) et Staphylococcus aureus (25). Le streptocoque a ete sensible a l'association amoxicilline + acide clavulanique dans 66;7des cas; a la ceftriaxone dans 57;1des cas. Il a ete resistant a 100a l'ampicilline et a l'amoxicilline. L'evolution clinique de nos patients a ete favorable dans 90des cas et solde par un deces dans 5;5des cas. Conclusion : Les pneumopathies touchent surtout les enfants de moins de 2 ans avec un terrain debilite par la malnutrition proteino-calorique et l'anemie. La forte morbi-mortalite liee a cette pathologie pourrait etre amelioree grace a une meilleure connaissance et a la mise a jour reguliere de l'ecologie bacterienne locale

Missing maternal deaths: lessons from Souro Sanou University Hospital in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.

We investigated the location of maternal deaths in the Souro Sanou University Hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. In all, the deaths of 585 women of reproductive age (12-49 years) were reviewed, and 132 (22.6%) were found to be maternal. Of these132, 43 (33.6%) occurred outside of the maternity unit. Some direct causes of death (eclampsia and sepsis) and indirect causes of death (cardiac illness and HIV/AIDS) would be omitted if only cases occurring on the maternity ward are investigated. Alarmingly, 93 (70%) of the 132 maternal deaths would have been missed in this hospital if we had used a narrow search process (excluding non-maternity wards) and narrow definition (excluding indirect causes). In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate the potential for seriously underestimating the magnitude of maternal mortality within facilities and for neglecting pregnant or recently pregnant women dying in non-maternity wards and from indirect complications.

[Genetic polymorphisms (GSTT1 e GSTM1) and urinary excretion of t,t-muconic acid among refinery workers]. / Polimorfismi genetici (GSTT1 e GSTM1) ed escrezione urinaria di acido t,t-muconico in lavoratori di una raffineria.

Many xenobiotics agents are metabolized by enzymes mechanisms through Phase I, activating substances procancerogene through oxidative reactions, and / or through mechanisms Phase II, acting on metabolic intermediate products of oxidative processes with conjugation reactions with endogenous mediators, in order to generate hydrophilic products that can be easily excreted by the body. Among the enzymes Phase II is a heterogeneous group represented by glutathione S-transferase. Genetic polymorphisms encoding for these enzymes (GSTs) are responsible phenotypic expression of enzymes specifically involved in the detoxification and elimination of different genotoxic agents (IPA, toluene, benzene). Accordingly, the authors have investigated a population of subjects professionally exposed to benzene (used in active refining and storage of crude oil) in order to assess the genetic profile in relation to possible null genotype (responsible for the failure phenotypic expression of protein) of polymorphism GSTT1 and GSTM1 and correlate the impact that the genotype effect of normal metabolic pathway t, t-muconico.

[Impact of infectious diseases on HIV infected patients in pneumology department of Ouagadougou]. / Impact des maladies infectieuses chez les patients infectés par le VIH dans un service de pneumologie à Ouagadougou.

To study the mortality and morbidity of infectious diseases for HIV infected patients admitted to the pneumology department of CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo, Burkina Faso, the authors run a retrospective survey on 225 sick people. The output of this survey revealed that 92% of the patients where HIV infected, 67.1% of the patients were below 40 years of age and the average age was 36.7. The most common infectious pathologies were bacterial lung diseases (44.9%) and tuberculosis (33.8). The overall mortality rate was 26.2%. The most lethal pathologies were respectively, bacterial diseases 44.9%, tuberculosis 33.8%, cases where the cause was not found 9.8%. In most of the cases, patients at stage B and C of HIV/AIDS were admitted to hospital (74.7%). This situation raises the issue of late diagnostic of side infections, due the tardiness in consulting and therefore, the difficulties resulting from HIV patients' healthcare in our context.

Obstacles to the implementation of directly observed treatment in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

SETTING: Five tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment centres in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. OBJECTIVE: To identify obstacles to the direct observation of anti-tuberculosis treatment (DOT) so that it can be adapted to local contexts. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study conducted between August and September 2002 among new and retreatment TB cases in the initial phase of treatment. Information and suggestions were collected on obstacles encountered in DOT. RESULTS: Among 74 patients interviewed, the main difficulties were the lack of assiduity among health personnel, the daily travel, the long distances, the high transportation costs and the high number of tablets. The main suggestions were a reduction in the number of tablets taken at a time, decentralisation of places where tablets are to be taken and weekly provision of drugs. CONCLUSION: Obstacles to DOT should be addressed to optimise the effectiveness of anti-tuberculosis treatment.

Incontinence urinaire de la femme en milieu urbain au Burkina Faso : enquete epidemiologique aupres de 759 femmes a Bobo Dioulasso

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence; identify its risk factors and describe its effects on the life of women affected by it in an urban area in Burkina Faso. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was carried out between January and April 2003 and was based on interviews with 759 female patients presenting to the Department of Urology; Sanou Souro Teaching Hospital; and five other medical centers in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. By means of a questionnaire we collected information on socio-demographic patient characteristics; history of previous surgical or gynecological interventions; type of urine loss and the effects of urinary incontinence on the patients' physical; psychological and economical condition. Results: The mean age of the patients was 29;8 years. The majority (63.6) were housewives; 65.5of them married. The overall prevalence of urinary incontinence was 21;3with a predominance (54;6) of stress urinary incontinence. Multivariate analysis of the risk factors (using the logistic regression model) showed that the following risk factors were significantly associated with urinary incontinence: dystocia; repeated urinary tract infections; chronic constipation; episiotomy and obesity. The physical and psycho-social effect of urinary incontinence on the patients is described. Conclusion: Urinary incontinence is frequently encountered in our environment although only few cases are seen in our gynecology and urology departments. A population-based investigation on a national scale will allow for a better judgment of the actual extent of the problem and will help to establish a strategy on how to better control it

Etude de l'insuffisance érectile dans une population d'hommes jeunes et sexuellement actifs au Burkina Faso

Objectif: Notre tude avait pour objectif de dterminer la prvalence de l'insuffisance rectile (IE) dans notre environnement et d'valuer les connaissances et les attitudes des sujets qui en souffrent. Mthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une enqute transversale sur six mois concernant des sujets gs de 18 ans et plus du monde de travail, ralise au cours d'une visite annuelle des travailleurs des entreprises de la place et de quelques fonctionnaires. Les sujets ayant accept de participer l'enqute (855 hommes), avaient remplir deux questionnaires: la version 5 items de l'International Iindex of Erectile Function (IIEF5), qui value la fonction rectile et, un questionnaire labor par nous mme, dans le but d'valuer les connaissances et les attitudes des enquts, vis vis de l'IE. Les questionnaires ont ensuite t dpouills et analyss sur micro ordinateur l'aide du logiciel Epi info. Rsultats: Les 855 sujets qui ont particip l'enqute reprsentaient 80% de tous ceux qui ont t sollicits. L'ge moyen des enquts tait de 37,4 ± 9,1; plus des 2/3 (78%) taient maris et monogames dans 69%. La prvalence globale note tait de 47% et on a remarqu que celle-ci augmentait avec l'ge. Trois facteurs de risque ont t mis en exergue: l'ge, l'hypertension artrielle (HTA) et la maladie hmorrodaire. Si l'ge et l'HTA sont des facteurs de risque classiques, la maladie hmorrodaire l'est moins; par contre il a t beaucoup invoqu par de nombreux enquts. 93,2% des sujets interrogs seraient prts consulter pour IE, alors que seulement 3,8% l'avaient effectivement dj fait. Conclusion: L'insuffisance rectile s'est rvl comme un problme rel vcu dans notre environnement. Cependant nos rsultats ne peuvent pas tre gnraliss et nous envisageons d'autres tudes, en population gnrale, qui nous permettraient de tirer des enseignements et de mieux organiser la prise en charge de ces patients

[Comparative study of neonatal bacterial meningitis in Lomé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Casablanca and Lyon]. / Analyse comparative des méningites bactériennes néonatales à Lomé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Casablanca et Lyon.

UNLABELLED: Bacterial meningitis in new-borns remains a serious event because of its high mortality and morbidity rates in Africa. OBJECTIVE: To identify the clinical and bacteriological epidemiology and the outcome of neonatal bacterial meningitis in three African cities. METHOD: We have analysed and compared three hospital studies done in humid tropical, Sahelian, and desert Africa with a European study. RESULTS: Compared with the European study this African study is characterized by a high mean frequency of neonatal meningitis (6 cases per year against 1.4), more important risk factors linked to pregnancy and childbirth (50% against 33%), high rates of death (61 to 68% against 5%) and sequelae (25 to 40% against 30%), rarity of Streptococcus agalactiae (7 to 15% against 38%) and absence of Listeria. Enterobacteriaceae were predominant both in African (50 to 68%) and European (43%) studies. E. coli appeared as the most frequent germ in both European and African studies and Salmonella as more frequent in Sub-Saharan Africa than in occidental countries. CONCLUSION: The epidemiological, bacteriological and evolutional aspects of the neonatal meningitis were identical in the three African cities. The African studies were different from the European only by their high incidence, the rarity of S. agalactiae and Listeria and the difficulties of bacterial diagnosis and management, all might explain the high rates of death and sequelae. An epidemiological survey and adequate antimicrobial therapy according to antibiotic susceptibility may improve the outcome.

[Contribution of bronchial fibroscopy in pneumonology services in developing countries]. / Apport de l'endoscopie bronchique dans un service de pneumologie d'un pays en développement.

Bronchial fibroscopy is a recent investigation method that requires equipment and facilities difficult to implement in respiratory diseases units in developing countries. In Burkina Faso, this technique was introduced for the first time in February 1997. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of bronchial fibroscopy for the diagnosis of respiratory disease in countries with limited resources. This study was conducted between February 1997 and October 1998 at the respiratory diseases unit of the Yalgado Ouedraogo National Hospital Center in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Thirty-five cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed, including 29 cases with bronchial node involvement, where bronchial fibroscopy is an essential diagnostic examination, and 6 cases of bacteriologically proven pulmonary tuberculosis. Ten cases of lung cancer were diagnosed (40% squamous cell carcinoma). Malignant disease is a reality in developing countries despite low rates of diagnosis due to insufficient diagnostic facilities. For tuberculosis, the importance of specific treatment is certainly well established and should always be initiated, even if fibroscopy cannot be performed. This contrasts with the situation for malignant disease, where the high prevalence of lung cancer (9.9% of the bronchial fibroscopies performed) is associated with total lack of treatment due to the absence of a thoracic surgery unit or a radiotherapy unit, and the impossibility of providing satisfactory surveillance of anti-cancer chemotherapy.