Preimplantation Genetic Testing within the Public Healthcare System in Slovenia.

Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is the earliest form of prenatal diagnosis that has become an established procedure for couples at risk of passing a severe genetic disease to their offspring. At UMC Ljubljana, we conducted a retrospective register-based study to present 15 years of PGT service within the public healthcare system in Slovenia. We collected the data of the PGT cycles from 2004 to 2019 and compared clinical outcomes for chromosomal and monogenic diseases using different embryo biopsy and testing approaches. In addition, we assessed the extent to which PGT has become the preferred option compared to classic prenatal diagnostics. We treated 211 couples, 110 with single gene disorder, 88 with structural chromosome rearrangement and 13 for numerical chromosome aberration. There were 375 PGT cycles with oocyte retrieval, while embryo transfer was possible in 263 cases resulting in 78 deliveries and 84 children. Altogether, the clinical pregnancy rate per embryo transfer was 31% in 2004-2016 (blastomere biopsy) and 43% in 2017-19 (blastocyst biopsy), respectively. We assessed that approximately a third of couples would opt for PGT, while the rest preferred natural conception with prenatal diagnosis. Our results show that providing a PGT service within the public healthcare system has become a considerable option in pregnancy planning for couples at risk of transmitting a severe genetic disease to their offspring. In Slovenia, approximately a third of couples would opt for PGT. Although the number of cycles is small, our clinical results are comparable to larger centres.

Proteomic analysis of peritoneal fluid identified COMP and TGFBI as new candidate biomarkers for endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a common non-malignant gynecological disease that significantly compromises fertility and quality of life of the majority of patients. The gold standard for diagnosis is visual inspection of the pelvic organs by surgical laparoscopy and there are no biomarkers that would allow non-invasive diagnosis. The pathogenesis of endometriosis is not completely understood, thus analysis of peritoneal fluid might contribute in this respect. Our prospective case-control study included 58 patients undergoing laparoscopy due to infertility, 32 patients with peritoneal endometriosis (cases) and 26 patients with unexplained primary infertility (controls). Discovery proteomics using antibody microarrays that covered 1360 proteins identified 16 proteins with different levels in cases versus the control patients. The validation using an ELISA approach confirmed significant differences in the levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and transforming growth factor-ß-induced protein ig-h3 (TGFBI) and nonsignificant differences in angiotensinogen (AGT). A classification model based on a linear support vector machine revealed AUC of > 0.83, sensitivity of 0.81 and specificity of 1.00. Differentially expressed proteins represent candidates for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or drug targets. Our findings have brought new knowledge that will be helpful in the understanding of the pathophysiology of endometriosis and warrant further studies in blood samples.

Vitamin D in human reproduction: the more, the better? An evidence-based critical appraisal.

OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroid hormone that regulates calcium, magnesium, and phosphate homeostasis and plays a pivotal role as antiproliferative and immunomodulatory mediator. Considering the different sources of synthesis and dietary intake as well as the pleiotropic actions in extremely diverse (micro)environments of the body, the supplementation of this Vitamin should be carefully evaluated taking into account the several pathways that it regulates. In the current brief review, we aimed to summarize the available evidence about the topic, in order to suggest the best evidence-based supplementation strategy for human reproduction, avoiding the unuseful (and sometimes hazardous) empiric supplementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Narrative overview, synthesizing the findings of literature retrieved from searches of computerized databases. RESULTS: Accumulating evidence from in vitro fertilization (IVF) trials suggests that fertilization rate decreases significantly with increasing levels of 25OH-D in follicular fluid; in addition, Vitamin D levels in the follicular fluid are negatively correlated to the quality of embryos and the higher values of Vitamin D are associated with lower possibility to achieve pregnancy. Both low and high Vitamin D serum concentrations decrease not only spermatozoa count, but their progressive motility as well as increase morphological abnormalities. Finally, studies in animal models found that severe hypervitaminosis D can reduce the total skeletal calcium store in embryos and may compromise the postnatal survival. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the retrieved data, we solicit to be extremely selective in deciding for Vitamin D supplementation, since its excess may play a detrimental role in fertility.

Septate, subseptate and arcuate uterus decrease pregnancy and live birth rates in IVF/ICSI.

A retrospective matched-control study to evaluate the effect of uterine anomalies on pregnancy rates after 2481 embryo transfers in conventionally stimulated IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. The study group of 289 embryo transfers before and 538 embryo transfers following hysteroscopic resection of a uterine septum was compared with two consecutive embryo transfers in the control group. Groups were matched for age, body mass index, ovarian stimulation, embryo quality, IVF or ICSI and infertility aetiologies. Number of embryos transferred, embryo quality and absence of uterine anomalies significantly predicted the pregnancy rates in the study group: odds ratios (OR) 1.7, 2.6 and 2.5, respectively (P<0.001). Pregnancy rates after embryo transfer before hysteroscopic metroplasty were significantly lower, both in women with subseptate and septate uterus and in women with arcuate uterus compared with controls. If two or three embryos with at least one best-quality embryo were transferred, the differences were 9.6% versus 43.6%, OR 7.3 (P<0.001) and 20.9% versus 35.5%, OR 2.1 (P<0.03), respectively. Differences in terms of live birth rates were even more evident: 1.9% versus 38.6%, OR 32 (P<0.001) and 3.0% versus 30.4%, OR 14 (P<0.001). After surgery, the differences disappeared. This retrospective matched control study evaluated the influence of septate, subseptate and arcuate uterus on pregnancy and live birth rates after 2481 in conventionally stimulated IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. The study group included 827 embryo transfers (289 embryo transfers before and 538 embryo transfers following hysteroscopic resection of uterine septum ans was compared with two consecutive mebryo transfers in the control group. Both groups were matched by age, body mass index, stimulation protocol, quality of embryos, use of IVF or ICSI, and infertility aetiologies. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the study group showed that the number of embryos, embryo quality and the absence of uterine anomalies significantly predicted the pregnancy rates: odds ratios (OR) 1.7, 2.6, and 2.5, respectively (P<0.001). The pregnancy and live birth rates before surgery were lower compared with controls, both in women with subseptate or septate uterus and in women with arcuate uterus. If two or three embryos with at least one best quality embryo were transferred, the differences in terms of pregnancy rates were 9.6% versus 43.6%, OR=7.3 (P<0.001) and 20.9% versus 35.5%, OR=2.1 (P<0.03), respectively. The differences in terms of live birth rates were even more evident: 1.9% versus 38.6%, OR=32 (P<0.001) and 3.0% versus 30.4%, OR=14 (P<0.001). After surgery, the differences disappeared. Negative impact of uterine anomalies on pregnancy and on live birth rates are two important arguments for treating uterine anomalies in infertile women.

The outcome of singleton pregnancies after IVF/ICSI in women before and after hysteroscopic resection of a uterine septum compared to normal controls.

OBJECTIVE(S): To evaluate the effect of hysteroscopic resection of a large uterine septum (Class V according to the American Fertility Society (AFS) classification) and of a small partial uterine septum (Class VI according to AFS classification or arcuate uterus) on the abortion rate in pregnancies after IVF and ICSI. STUDY DESIGN: The retrospective matched control study included 31 women who conceived following IVF or ICSI before hysteroscopic resection of a large (12 women) or small partial (19 women) uterine septum and 106 women who conceived following IVF or ICSI after hysteroscopic resection of a large (49 women) or small partial (57 women) uterine septum. For each pregnancy in the study group, we found two consecutive pregnant control women from the IVF/ICSI registry who had a normal uterus and were matched for age, BMI, stimulation protocol and the use of IVF or ICSI and for various infertility causes. The abortion/pregnancy rate was the main outcome measure. Data on the septum length were obtained during hysteroscopic resection by comparing the length of the 1.4 cm long yellow tip of the electric knife to the length of the resected septum. RESULTS: The abortion rate before hysteroscopic metroplasty was significantly higher, both in women with a small partial septum (78.9% before resection vs. 23.7% in the normal controls, OR 12.08) and a large septum (83.3% before resection vs. 16.7% in normal controls, OR 25.00) compared to women with a normal uterus. After the surgery, the abortion rate was comparable to the abortion rate in women with normal uterus: in both women with a small partial and women with a larger septum. CONCLUSION(S): Similar to a large uterine septum, a small partial uterine septum is an important and hysteroscopically preventable risk factor for spontaneous abortion in pregnancies after IVF and ICSI.

Small uterine septum is an important risk variable for preterm birth.

OBJECTIVE(S): To evaluate whether a uterus with a small septum (arcuate uterus or class VI according to the American Fertility Society (AFS) classification) behaves similarly to a uterus with a larger septum (septate or subseptate uterus or AFS class V). STUDY DESIGN: Observational study included 826 singleton deliveries to 730 women with a history of hysteroscopic resection of the uterine septum. Data on deliveries were obtained from the National Perinatal Registry of Slovenia (NPIS). Multiple gestations were excluded. We analysed and compared perinatal outcomes before and after hysteroscopic resection in two groups of women: in women with a small uterine septum (Group A) and in those with a larger uterine septum (Group B). Data on the septum length were obtained during hysteroscopic resection by comparing the length of the 1.4-cm long yellow tip of the electric knife to the length of the resected septum. A small uterine septum was defined as having a length of 1.3-1.5 cm. RESULTS: The preterm birth rate in Group A (n=420) was 33.9% before and 7.2% after hysteroscopic resection (P<0.001); the preterm birth rate in Group B (n=406) was 36.5% before and 8.0% after hysteroscopic resection (P<0.001). The very preterm birth rate in Group A was 12.5% before and 3.1% after hysteroscopic resection (P<0.001); the very preterm birth rate in Group B was 15.0% before and 2.9% after hysteroscopic resection (P<0.001). After surgery, we registered a decreased need for neonatal intensive care, as well as a significant decrease in stillbirth and neonatal death rates in both groups of patients. CONCLUSION(S): Similarly to a large uterine septum, a small uterine septum or arcuate uterus is an important hysteroscopically preventable risk variable for preterm birth.