Humanisation and characterisation of PR1A3, a monoclonal antibody specific for cell-bound carcinoembryonic antigen.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is highly expressed by most tumours of gastrointestinal origin, but its use as a target for tumour therapy is complicated by the high levels of soluble CEA that are found circulating in the blood of cancer patients. A monoclonal antibody PR1A3 has been prepared, which binds preferentially to cell-surface rather than soluble CEA, this cell selectivity should make PR1A3 an ideal candidate for antibody-targeted tumour therapy. PR1A3 has been humanised and shown to retain its cell-surface specificity and affinity. Stable expression of the humanised antibody from chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been achieved after transfection and amplification. Since PR1A3 binds preferentially to cell-associated CEA, a cell-free enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to allow characterisation and routine assay of the antibody. This assay was developed using a recombinant chimeric protein constructed by cloning the domain of CEA that is bound by PR1A3 (the B3 domain) into a hybrid gene containing the Fc portion of IgG and three domains of biliary glycoprotein. Stable expression of this hybrid protein has been achieved from CHO cells. In ELISA both humanised and murine PR1A3 bound strongly to this antigen but only at a minimal level to soluble CEA. Two binding sites for the antibody were found on the gastric carcinoma cell line MKN45, one of higher affinity (1 nM) and the other at lower affinity (60 nM). Similar affinities were found for both murine and humanised antibodies. The data presented make it unlikely that the differential binding to cell-surface as distinct from soluble CEA can be accounted for by low affinity of PR1A3 for CEA, and provides further support for the hypothesis that some conformational change takes place on CEA release from cells and that it is this change that blocks PR1A3 binding to its epitope.

Crystal structure at 1.95 A resolution of the breast tumour-specific antibody SM3 complexed with its peptide epitope reveals novel hypervariable loop recognition.

The anti-breast tumour antibody SM3 has a high selectivity in reacting specifically with carcinoma-associated mucin. SM3 recognises the core repeating motif (Pro-Asp-Thr-Arg-Pro) of aberrantly glycosylated epithelial mucin MUC1, and has potential as a therapeutic and diagnostic tool. Here we report the crystal structure of the Fab fragment of SM3 in complex with a 13-residue MUC1 peptide antigen (Thr1P-Ser2P-Ala3P-Pro4P-Asp5P-Thr6P -Arg7P-Pro8P-Ala9P-Pro10P-Gly11P- Ser12P-Thr13P). The SM3-MUC1 peptide structure was solved by molecular replacement, and the current model is refined at 1.95 A resolution with an R-factor of 21.3% and R-free 28.3%. The MUC1 peptide is bound both by non-polar interactions and hydrogen bonds in an elongated groove in the antibody-combining site through interactions with Complimentarity Determining Regions (CDRs), three of the light chain (L1, L2, L3) and two of the heavy chain (H1 and H3). The conformation of the peptide is mainly extended with no discernable standard secondary structure. There is a single non-proline cis-peptide bond in H3 (Val95H-Gly96H-Gln97H-Phe98H-Ala101H-Ty r102H) between Gly96H and Gln97H, which appears to play a role in SM3-peptide antigen interactions, and represents the first such example within an antibody hypervariable loop. The SM3-MUC1 peptide structure has implications for rational therapeutic and diagnostic antibody engineering.

Crystallization of the Fab fragment of the tumour-specific antibody PR1A3.

PR1A3 antibody binds specifically to the tumour-associated cell-surface antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen. Crystals of the Fab fragment of the PR1A3 antibody were obtained by vapour diffusion against mother liquor containing Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 8.6, magnesium chloride and polyethylene glycol 4000 as precipitating agent. Crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P2(1) with cell dimensions a = 42.2, b = 216.7, c = 45.9 A and beta = 95.6 degrees. Two Fab fragments are proesent in the asymmetric unit. Diffracted intensities up to 2.9 A resolution have been measured from frozen crystals.

Crystallization of an antitumour antibody SM3 complexed with a peptide epitope.

SM3 antibody binds to a tumour-associated epitope on polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM). Crystals of the Fab fragment of SM3 in complex with a peptide antigen were obtained by vapour diffusion against mother liquor containing acetate buffer, pH 6.5, cadmium chloride and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 as precipitating agent. Crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P2(1) with cell dimensions a = 42.2, b = 83.9, c = 64.5 A and beta = 93.4 degrees. One Fab-antigen complex is present in the asymmetric unit. Diffracted intensities up to 1.95 A resolution have been measured from a frozen crystal using synchrotron radiation.

Conjugation of monoclonal antibodies to a synthetic peptide substrate for protein kinase: a method for labelling antibodies with 32P.

In recent years, radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies have been evaluated for their use in the diagnosis and treatment of neoplastic disease. One isotope which has not been assessed for antibody targeting is 32P, even though it has many favourable radiobiological characteristics and has been used clinically for the treatment of certain neoplastic disorders such as polycythaemia rubra vera. The main drawback so far in using 32P has been the absence of a general method for phosphorylating antibodies. We have now developed a novel process for the phosphorylation of immunoglobulins which is rapid, efficient and allows high specific activities to be achieved (greater than 10 muCi micrograms-1). The technique involves the chemical conjugation of Kemptide, a synthetic heptapeptide substrate for kinases, to immunoglobulins. The antibody-Kemptide conjugate can then be phosphorylated using protein kinases and [32P]-gamma-ATP. The procedure does not compromise the binding activity of the antibody. The 32P-labelled monoclonal antibodies were stable in human, mouse and rat plasmas in vitro, although they cleared from the bloodstream of mice with a beta-phase half life of 2 days which is approximately two times faster than that of native antibody. The application of this phosphorylation technique should allow the therapeutic potential of targeted 32P to be assessed.

Immune human lymphocytes produce an acid-labile alpha-interferon.

We have described in this paper a novel human interferon (IFN) with antigenic and cross-species reactivity of alpha-IFN and physicochemical properties of gamma-IFN. This IFN is produced by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells during an immune response but has also been associated with autoimmune disease (10). The system described here will be useful in elucidating the biological significance and cell of origin of this IFN.