Regular Exercise Improved Fatigue and Musculoskeletal Pain in Young Adult Psoriatic Patients without Psoriatic Arthritis.

Fatigue and musculoskeletal pain are also frequent in patients with psoriasis (PsO) without arthritis (PsA). The current study aimed to assess the impact of an intervention program based on aerobic training to reduce fatigue and musculoskeletal pain in patients with PsO without PsA. A total of 118 male patients with PsO volunteered in the current interventional study and were randomly allocated to the experimental (n = 59) or control group (n = 59). The intervention consisted of a 16-week aerobic training program on a treadmill, three sessions per week, consisting of a warm-up, 35-50 min treadmill exercise (increasing 5 min/4 weeks) at a work intensity of 50-65% of peak heart-rate (increasing 5%/4 weeks), and cooling-down. The functional assessment of chronic illness therapy fatigue scale (FACIT-Fatigue), health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI), and visual analog scale (VAS) were compared pre and post intervention. Nutritional intake, maximal aerobic power, lipid profile, serum markers of muscle damage, and body composition were also assessed. When compared to baseline, FACIT-Fatigue, HAQ-DI, and VAS scores were significantly improved without increasing markers of muscle damage. Fat mass percentage, lipid profile, and maximal oxygen consumption were also improved. In conclusion, a 16-week aerobic training program at moderate intensity was safe, well tolerated, and effective in psoriatic patients without PsA. Long-term follow-up studies are required to examine whether these promising results may improve clinical outcomes.

Complex I syndrome in striatum and frontal cortex in a rat model of Parkinson disease.

Mitochondrial dysfunction named complex I syndrome was observed in striatum mitochondria of rotenone treated rats (2 mg rotenone/kg, i. p., for 30 or 60 days) in an animal model of Parkinson disease. After 60 days of rotenone treatment, the animals showed: (a) 6-fold increased bradykinesia and 60% decreased locomotor activity; (b) 35-34% decreases in striatum O2 uptake and in state 3 mitochondrial respiration with malate-glutamate as substrate; (c) 43-57% diminished striatum complex I activity with 60-71% decreased striatum mitochondrial NOS activity, determined both as biochemical activity and as functional activity (by the NO inhibition of active respiration); (d) 34-40% increased rates of mitochondrial O2•- and H2O2 productions and 36-46% increased contents of the products of phospholipid peroxidation and of protein oxidation; and (e) 24% decreased striatum mitochondrial content, likely associated to decreased NO-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. Intermediate values were observed after 30 days of rotenone treatment. Frontal cortex tissue and mitochondria showed similar but less marked changes. Rotenone-treated rats showed mitochondrial complex I syndrome associated with cellular oxidative stress in the dopaminergic brain areas of striatum and frontal cortex, a fact that describes the high sensitivity of mitochondrial complex I to inactivation by oxidative reactions.

Peripheral inflammation increases the deleterious effect of CNS inflammation on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.

Evidence supports the role of inflammation in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we are interested in inflammation as a risk factor by itself and not only as a factor contributing to neurodegeneration. We tested the influence of a mild to moderate peripheral inflammation (injection of carrageenan into the paws of rats) on the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in an animal model based on the intranigral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent inflammatory agent. Overall, the treatment with carrageenan increased the effect of the intranigral injection of LPS on the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN along with all the other parameters studied, including: serum levels of the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and C-reactive protein; activation of microglia, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, the adhesion molecule ICAM and the enzyme iNOS, loss of astrocytes and damage to the blood brain barrier (BBB). The possible implication of BBB rupture in the increased loss of dopaminergic neurons has been studied using another Parkinson's disease animal model based on the intraperitoneal injection of rotenone. In this experiment, loss of dopaminergic neurons was also strengthened by carrageenan, without affecting the BBB. In conclusion, our data show that a mild to moderate peripheral inflammation can exacerbate the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons caused by a harmful stimulus.

High doses of vitamin E improve mitochondrial dysfunction in rat hippocampus and frontal cortex upon aging.

Rat aging from 4 to 12 mo was accompanied by hippocampus and frontal cortex mitochondrial dysfunction, with decreases of 23 to 53% in tissue and mitochondrial respiration and in the activities of complexes I and IV and of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS) (P < 0.02). In aged rats, the two brain areas showed mitochondria with higher content (35-78%) of oxidation products of phospholipids and proteins and with higher (59-95%) rates of O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) production (P < 0.02). Dietary supplementation with vitamin E (2.0 or 5.0 g/kg of food) from 9 to 12 mo of rat age, restored in a dose-dependent manner, the decreases in tissue and mitochondrial respiration (to 90-96%) and complexes I and IV and mtNOS activities (to 86-88%) of the values of 4-mo-old rats (P < 0.02). Vitamin E prevented, by 73-80%, the increases in oxidation products, and by 62-68%, the increases in O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) production (P < 0.05). High resolution histochemistry of cytochrome oxidase in the hippocampal CA1 region showed higher staining in vitamin E-treated rats than in control animals. Aging decreased (19%) hippocampus mitochondrial mass, an effect that was restored by vitamin E. High doses of vitamin E seem to sustain mitochondrial biogenesis in synaptic areas.

Effects of rotenone and pyridaben on complex I electron transfer and on mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase functional activity.

Rotenone and pyridaben were tested on activities and properties of rat brain mitochondria determining Ki (inhibitor concentration at half maximal inhibition) and Imax (% of inhibition at maximal inhibitor concentration). The assayed activities were complexes I, II and IV, respiration in states 3, 3u (uncoupled) and 4, biochemical and functional activities of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS), and inner membrane potential. Selective inhibitions of complex I activity, mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential with malate-glutamate as substrate were observed, with a Ki of 0.28-0.36 nmol inhibitor/mg of mitochondrial protein. Functional mtNOS activity was half-inhibited at 0.70-0.74 nmol inhibitor/mg protein in state 3 mitochondria and at 2.52-2.98 nmol inhibitor/mg protein in state 3u mitochondria. This fact is interpreted as an indication of mtNOS being structurally adjacent to complex I with an intermolecular mtNOS-complex I hydrophobic bonding that is stronger at high Δψ and weaker at low Δψ.

Mitochondria and calcium flux as targets of neuroprotection caused by minocycline in cerebellar granule cells.

Minocycline, an antibiotic of the tetracycline family, has attracted considerable interest for its theoretical therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanism of action underlying its effect remains elusive. Here we have studied the effect of minocycline under excitotoxic conditions. Fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging studies in rat cerebellar granular neuron cultures using fura2/AM and mitochondria-targeted aequorin revealed that minocycline, at concentrations higher than those shown to block inflammation and inflammation-induced neuronal death, inhibited NMDA-induced cytosolic and mitochondrial rises in Ca(2+) concentrations in a reversible manner. Moreover, minocycline added in the course of NMDA stimulation decreased Ca(2+) intracellular levels, but not when induced by depolarization with a high K(+) medium. We also found that minocycline, at the same concentrations, partially depolarized mitochondria by about 5-30 mV, prevented mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake under conditions of environmental stress, and abrogated NMDA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Consistently, minocycline also abrogates the rise in ROS induced by 75 microM Ca(2+) in isolated brain mitochondria. In search for the mechanism of mitochondrial depolarization, we found that minocycline markedly inhibited state 3 respiration of rat brain mitochondria, although distinctly increased oxygen uptake in state 4. Minocycline inhibited NADH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase activities, whereas the activity of succinate-cytochrome c reductase was not modified, suggesting selective inhibition of complexes I and IV. Finally, minocycline affected activity of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) as determined in the reconstituted system. Taken together, our results indicate that mitochondria are a critical factor in minocycline-mediated neuroprotection.

Human brain cortex: mitochondrial oxidative damage and adaptive response in Parkinson disease and in dementia with Lewy bodies.

Frontal cortex samples from frozen human brains were used to assess tissue respiration; content of mitochondria; mitochondrial oxygen uptake; activity of respiratory complexes and of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS); content of cytochromes a, b, and c; oxidative damage (protein carbonyls and TBARS); and expression of Mn-SOD in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) in comparison with those of normal healthy controls. Brain cortex and mitochondrial O(2) uptake and complex I activity were significantly lower in PD and DLB, whereas mtNOS activity, cytochrome content, expression of Mn-SOD, mitochondrial mass, and oxidative damage were significantly higher in the frontal cortex in PD and DLB. The decreases in tissue and mitochondrial O(2) uptake and in complex I activity are considered the consequences of mitochondrial oxidative damage. The increases in mtNOS activity and in mitochondrial mass are interpreted as an adaptive response of the frontal cortex that involves increased NO signaling for mitochondrial biogenesis. The adaptive response would partially compensate for mitochondrial dysfunction in these neurodegenerative diseases and would afford a human evolutionary response to shortage of ATP in the frontal cortex.

Hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction in rat aging.

Hippocampus mitochondrial dysfunction with impaired electron transfer and increased oxidative damage was observed upon rat aging. Hippocampal mitochondria of aged (12 mo) and senescent (20 mo) rats showed, compared with young (4 mo) rats, marked decreases in the rate of state 3 respiration with NAD-dependent substrates (32-51%) and in the activities of mitochondrial complexes I (57-73%) and IV (33-54%). The activity of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase was also decreased, 53-66%, with age. These losses in enzymatic activity were more marked in the hippocampus than in brain cortex or in whole brain. The histochemical assay of mitochondrial complex IV in the hippocampus showed decreased staining upon aging. Oxidative damage, determined as the mitochondrial content of thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls, increased in aged and senescent hippocampus (66-74% in TBARS and 48-96% in carbonyls). A significant statistical correlation was observed between mitochondrial oxidative damage and enzymatic activity. Mitochondrial dysfunction with shortage of energy supply is considered a likely cause of dysfunction in aged hippocampus.

Pesticides and impairment of mitochondrial function in relation with the parkinsonian syndrome.

The Parkinsonian syndrome induced by pesticides is associated with the impairment of mitochondrial function. Toxicants that inhibit selectively NADH-dehydrogenase activity, as rotenone or pyridaben, also show a selective inhibition of O2 uptake and respiratory control in rat brain mitochondria in the presence of NAD-dependent substrates. The IC50 of rotenone and pyridaben for complex I inhibition were in the range 1.7-2.2 microM. The determination of NADH-cytochrome c reductase, succinate-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome oxidase activities in rat brain submitochondrial showed again the selective inhibition of Complex I by rotenone and pyridaben, whereas paraquat produced a non-selective inhibition affecting all the respiratory chain complexes. In rat brain mitochondria, rotenone and pyridaben markedly decreased mtNOS functional activity with NAD-dependent substrates but not when the substrate was succinate. This observation suggest than mtNOS activity is regulated by the activity of complex I. This regulation and the role of mitochondrial NO diffusion as a signal for mitochondrial biogenesis could have a role in the etiopathology of Parkinson's disease.

Dietary thioproline decreases spontaneous food intake and increases survival and neurological function in mice.

Male mice on a diet supplemented with thioproline (l-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid), a physiological metabolite of 5-hydroxytryptamine, at 2.0 g/kg of food from 28 weeks of age and for their entire life, showed a 23-29% increased median and maximal life span. These survival increases were associated with improved neurological functions. Compared to control mice, thioproline-supplemented mice had a 20% lower integral spontaneous food intake, and 10% lower body weight at 100 weeks of age. Body weight showed a statistically significant inverse relationship with survival and neurological performances. Thioproline-supplemented mice exhibited a 58-70% decrease of the age-dependent oxidative damage in brain and liver mitochondria at 52 weeks (old mice) and 78 weeks (senescent mice) of age, respectively. The age-associated decrease of brain mitochondrial enzyme activities, NADH-dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, and mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS), in old and senescent mice were markedly prevented (51-74%) by thioproline. In vitro, thioproline neither exhibited direct antioxidant activity nor had any effect on the electron transfer or mtNOS functional activities of brain and liver mitochondria. It is surmised that thioproline induces an anorexic effect associated with improved survival and neurological function through a decreased oxidative damage and regulation that may involve hypothalamic appetite centers.

Vitamin E at high doses improves survival, neurological performance, and brain mitochondrial function in aging male mice.

Male mice receiving vitamin E (5.0 g alpha-tocopherol acetate/kg of food) from 28 wk of age showed a 40% increased median life span, from 61 +/- 4 wk to 85 +/- 4 wk, and 17% increased maximal life span, whereas female mice equally supplemented exhibited only 14% increased median life span. The alpha-tocopherol content of brain and liver was 2.5-times and 7-times increased in male mice, respectively. Vitamin E-supplemented male mice showed a better performance in the tight-rope (neuromuscular function) and the T-maze (exploratory activity) tests with improvements of 9-24% at 52 wk and of 28-45% at 78 wk. The rates of electron transfer in brain mitochondria, determined as state 3 oxygen uptake and as NADH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome oxidase activities, were 16-25% and 35-38% diminished at 52-78 wk. These losses of mitochondrial function were ameliorated by vitamin E supplementation by 37-56% and by 60-66% at the two time points considered. The activities of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase and Mn-SOD decreased 28-67% upon aging and these effects were partially (41-68%) prevented by vitamin E treatment. Liver mitochondrial activities showed similar effects of aging and of vitamin E supplementation, although less marked. Brain mitochondrial enzymatic activities correlated negatively with the mitochondrial content of protein and lipid oxidation products (r2 = 0.58-0.99, P < 0.01), and the rates of respiration and of complex I and IV activities correlated positively (r2 = 0.74-0.80, P < 0.01) with success in the behavioral tests and with maximal life span.

Mitochondrial function and mitochondria-induced apoptosis in an overstimulated rat ovarian cycle.

Female rats were treated with FSH (40 IU/kg) on the first and second diestrus days (D1 and D2) and with LH (40 IU/kg) on the proestrus (P) day to synchronize and maximize ovarian changes. Follicle area increased by 50% from D1 to P, and the estrus (E) phase showed multiple corpora lutea and massive apoptosis. Increased oxygen uptakes (42-102%) were determined in ovary slices and in isolated mitochondria in active state 3 along the proliferation phase (D1-D2-P) that returned to initial values in the E phase. Mitochondrial content and the electron transfer activities of complexes I and IV were also maximal in the P phase (20-79% higher than in D1). Production of NO by mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS), biochemically determined, and the mtNOS functional activity in regulating state 3 oxygen uptake were also maximal at P and 79-88% higher than at D1. The moderately increased rate of NO in the proliferative phase is associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, whereas the high rate of NO generation by mtNOS at phase P appears to trigger mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. The calculated fraction of ovary mitochondria in state 3 was at a minimal value at the P phase. Mitochondrial oxidative damage, with increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and protein carbonyls, indicates progressive mitochondrial dysfunction between phases P and E. The roles of mitochondria as ATP provider, as a source of NO to signal for mitochondrial proliferation and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, and as a source of O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) appear well adapted to serve the proliferation-apoptosis sequence of the ovarian cycle.