Molar Incisor Hypomineralization.

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental defect affecting teeth. High prevalence rates of MIH and its clinical implications are significant for both the patients and clinicians. A wide variation in defect prevalence (2.4-40.2%) is reported. It seems to differ with regions and various birth cohorts. Some of the recent prevalence studies are tabulated. Patient implications include hypersensitive teeth, rapid progression of caries, mastication impairment due to rapid attrition, and esthetic repercussions. Implications for clinicians include complexity in treatment planning and treatment implementation, poor prognosis of the restorations, difficulty in achieving pain control during treatment, and behavior management problems. Intention of this paper is to review the etio-pathogenesis, prevalence, clinical features, diagnostic features, and eventually present a sequential treatment approach, i.e., in accordance with current clinical practice guidelines.

Cleidocranial dysplasia syndrome (CCD) with an unusual finding in a young patient.

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), an autosomal dominant disorder with a prevalence of 1 in 1,000,000 individuals, presents with a wide range of variability. Dentists are often the first to encounter patients with CCD, some of whom do not show typical manifestations. Since it has similar features to other pathologies, CCD is misdiagnosed as other conditions. A 10-year-old boy suffering from CCD was misdiagnosed as having rickets and was referred for non-eruption of a few permanent teeth along with an unaesthetic facial appearance. Clinically and radiologically, a diagnosis of CCD was made. Currently, management of this patient's orofacial manifestations is underway.

Unusual intrabony transmigration of mandibular canine: case series (report of 4 cases).

Intrabony cross arch migration (transmigration) of impacted teeth is a very rare dental anomaly. Transmigration is commonly seen in permanent dentition of the lower jaw. The tooth most commonly involved is the mandibular canine. The prevalence of transmigrated canine has been found to be only 0.14-0.31%. Transmigration of the canine most frequently occurs in a mesial direction resulting in migration across the mandibular symphysis to the opposite side of the dental arch. We report a case series (4 cases) of rare transmigration of mandibular canines and emphasise the need to use panoramic radiography in cases presenting with either over retained deciduous canines and/or missing permanent canines. We also propose a newer modification to the present classification of transmigration for one of these cases as the present classification does not include all the entities.

Surgical and orthodontic management of a horizontally impacted permanent mandibular canine: timing is vital.

Failure of eruption of the mandibular permanent canine is an unusual event. This case report presents combined surgical and orthodontic management of an impacted permanent mandibular canine of a 10-year-old boy. Treatment considerations for impacted mandibular canines differ in comparison with other teeth. The paper also highlights on various treatment options, timing and biomechanical considerations while dealing with these teeth.

Chronological hypoplasia: aesthetic management.

Enamel hypoplasia is defined as a break in the continuity of enamel with a reduction in the layers leading to depressions or grooves. Chronological hypoplasia is differentiated from other forms of hypoplasia due to its characteristic presentation (multiple, symmetrical, chronological pattern). Chronological hypoplasias are seen at the time tooth erupts into the oral cavity leading to several problems like aesthetic problems, tooth sensitivity, caries and early pulpal involvement. Prevention of interaction of aetiological factors is not possible because multiple factors are required for enamel synthesis. This paper highlights how to diagnose, intercept and treat chronological hypoplasias. It also mentions reasons for treating a case and different modalities available.

Aggressive dentigerous cyst with ectopic central incisor.

Dentigerous cysts form from accumulation of fluid between reduced enamel epithelium and the crown of an unerupted tooth. They cause several difficulties such as swelling, non-eruption of the involved teeth, and displacement of adjacent teeth, and thus require early detection and prompt treatment. Treatment ranges from marsupialisation to enucleation. Enucleation is rarely used in children compared with marsupialisation. This paper discusses successful use of enucleation for treating a dentigerous cyst and explains the need for such a radical procedure.

An unusual presentation of peripheral ossifying fibroma in an elderly man.

Peripheral ossifying fibroma is a common solitary gingival overgrowth thought to arise from the gingival corium, periosteum or periodontal ligament. Ossifying fibroma has the propensity to occur in cranial bones, but the peripheral variety shows a close relationship with the periodontal ligament and adjacent alveolar bone. It is more commonly seen in women (predilection of 3:1) and usually at a young age. This report describes an unusual presentation in an elderly man and presents a systematic way of diagnosing and treating peripheral ossifying fibroma.

A case of impacted central incisor due to dentigerous cyst associated with impacted compound odontome.

Odontomes are hamartomatous growths of odontogenic origin. Odontomes usually do not erupt into oral cavity and can cause several difficulties like swelling, displacement of teeth and adjacent structures, cystic changes and carcinomatous transformation. Odontomes are treated by surgical removal. Dentigerous cysts arise due to accumulation of fluid between reduced enamel epithelium and crown of unerupted tooth. Dentigerous cysts cause several difficulties such as swelling, non-eruption of involved teeth and displacement of adjacent teeth, thus requiring early detection and prompt treatment. Treatment for dentigerous cyst ranges from marsupialisation to enucleation. In children, marsupialisation is more commonly used when compared with enucleation treatment. This study discusses successful treatment of impacted central incisor due to obstruction from dentigerous cyst originating from impacted compound odontome. The paper also throws light into importance to radiography while diagnosing odontome.