Molecular ordering-enhanced circularly polarized luminescence of chiral 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives.

2,9-Bis((1R,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanoxy)-1,10-phenanthroline [2,9-di-L-menthoxy-1,10-phenanthroline] (Men2Phen) and 2,9-bis(2-(S)-methylbutoxy)-1,10-phenanthroline (MB2Phen) were synthesized as chiral derivatives of 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen). Differences in rigidity and bulkiness of the chiral substituents at the 2- and 9-positions of the Phen backbone led to distinctive molecular dissymmetry in the ground state resulting in remarkable differences in circular dichroism. Men2Phen exhibited efficient circularly polarized luminescence (CPLm) at an anisotropy factor of 10-2 in the solid state based on molecular ordering disclosed by X-ray crystal analysis, while it showed much lower anisotropy factor in solution. MB2Phen, which was rather amorphous and did not afford good crystals, showed only negligible CPLm both in the solid state and in solution.

Distinctive Chiral Conformations Induced to Poly (naphthalene-1,4-diyl) by Helix-sense-selective Polymerization and Circularly Polarized Light Irradiation.

Optically active poly(naphthalene-1,4-diyl) was prepared through helix-sense-selective polymerization of the corresponding monomers and also through circularly polarized light (CPL) irradiation, resulting in distinctive circular dichroism (CD) spectral patterns. Chirality of the helix-sense-selective polymerization -based polymer is ascribed to preferred-handed helicity while that of the CPL-based polymer to a non-helical, chiral conformation ('biased-dihedral conformation') with preferred-handedness which was stable only in the solid state. The helix of the helix-sense-selective polymerization-based polymer gradually racemized in tetrahydrofuran while it was stabilized by aggregate formation in a hexane-dichloromethane solution. Both helix-sense-selective polymerization- and CPL-based polymers exhibited efficient circularly polarized luminescence.

Amplified Chirality Transfer to Aromatic Molecules through Non-specific Inclusion by Amorphous, Hyperbranched Poly(fluorenevinylene) Derivatives.

Optically active, hyperbranched, poly(fluorene-2,4,7-triylethene-1,2-diyl) [poly(fluorenevinylene)] derivatives bearing a neomenthyl group and a pentyl group at the 9-position of the fluorene backbone at various ratios acted as a chirality donor (host polymers) efficiently included naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, 9-phenylanthracene, and 9,10-diphenyanthracene as a chirality acceptor (guest molecules) in their interior space in film as well as in solution, with the guest molecules exhibiting intense circular dichroism through chirality transfer with chirality amplification. The efficiency of the chirality transfer was much higher with higher-molar-mass polymers than lower-molar-mass ones as well as with hyperbranched polymers compared to the analogous linear ones. The hyperbranched polymers include the small molecules in their complex structure without any specific interactions at various stoichiometries. The included molecules may have ordered intermolecular arrangement that may be somewhat similar to those of liquid crystals. Naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene included in the polymer exhibited efficient circularly polarized luminescence, where the chirality was remarkably amplified in excited states, and anthracene exhibited especially high anisotropies in the emission on the order of 10-2 .

Non-uniform Self-folding of Helical Poly(fluorenevinylene) Derivatives in the Solid State Leading to Amplified Circular Dichroism and Circularly Polarized Light Emission.

An unprecedented non-uniform self-folding of artificial polymer chains composed of turn moieties and stretched segments is presented through the design of a set of optically active poly(fluorene-2,7-diylethene-1,2-diyl) (poly(fluorenevinylene)) derivatives bearing a neomenthyl group and a pentyl group attached at the 9-position of fluorene backbone at various ratios. The folded structure is formed and stabilized through inter-chain interactions in the solid state, leading to remarkably enhanced chiroptical properties (chirality amplification) in terms of circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized light (CPL) emission. This phenomenon is rationalized by experimental and theoretical CD and CPL spectral analyses. The polymer arrangements in the solid state were further assessed through transmission electron microscopic observations combined with enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations in the solid state revealing the thin film organizations.

Aggregation-induced chirality amplification of optically active fluorescent polyurethane and a cyclic dimer in the ground and excited states.

Optically active linear polyurethane and a cyclic dimer were synthesized from 2,7-diisocyanatofluorene and 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl. The circular dichroism (CD) spectral intensity of the polymer was amplified at a higher concentration through aggregate formation, while circularly polarized light (CPL) emission was not enhanced. The cyclic dimer's CPL emission was largely amplified (glum 1.1 × 10-2) due to intermolecular excimer formation through aggregation, while the CD intensity was not affected.

Photo racemization of 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl derivatives.

Photo racemization of 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl (BINOL) and its monomethyl ether, monobutyl ether, and dimethyl ether was studied by means of circularly dichroism spectra, chiral HPLC, and theoretical calculations of rotation energy barriers. Racemization was fastest for BINOL and about one seventh as fast for the monomethyl and monobutyl ethers while it was too slow to be detected for the dimethyl ether under the present conditions.

Optically active covalent organic frameworks and hyperbranched polymers with chirality induced by circularly polarized light.

Axial chirality was induced by circularly polarized light to covalent organic frameworks as well as hyperbranched polymers composed of bezene-1,3,5-triyl core units and oligo(benzene-1,4-diyl) as linker units where variation in induction efficiency was rationally interpreted in terms of internal rotation dynamics studied through CPMAS 13C NMR experiments including CODEX measurements.

Blue circularly polarized luminescent amorphous molecules with single-handed propeller chirality induced by circularly polarized light irradiation.

Preferred-handed propeller conformation was induced by circularly polarized light irradiation to three amorphous molecules with trigonal symmetry, and the molecules with induced chirality efficiently exhibited blue circularly polarized luminescence. In both chirality induction and luminescence, chirality appeared to be amplified due to intermolecular interactions through π-stacking.

Metal-dependent regioselective homocoupling of stannyl- and alkyl-substituted alkynes on group 4 elements. Formation of unsymmetrical titanacyclopentadienes and symmetrical zircona-cyclopentadienes.

Homocoupling of stannyl- and alkyl-substituted alkynes with Cp2TiBu2 gave unsymmetrical titanacyclopentadienes (αß isomers) with >95% regioselectivities, whereas the coupling with Cp2ZrBu2 provided symmetrical zirconacyclopentadienes (αα isomers) with >93% selectivities. This is the first example of metal-dependent regioselective homocoupling of unsymmetrical alkynes on group 4 elements.

Formation of a spiro compound via coupling of a cyclopentadienyl ligand with a diene moiety of titanacyclopentadiene.

The treatment of titanacyclopentadienes with bismuth(iii) chloride gave spiro compounds in moderate yields. Two carbon atoms of the diene moiety of the titanacyclopentadiene were connected to one carbon atom of the Cp ligand. This is in sharp contrast to the formation of dihydroindene derivatives, where two carbon-carbon bonds were formed between the diene moiety and the adjacent two carbon atoms of the Cp ligand.