Semen quality and age-specific changes: a study between two decades on 3,729 male partners of couples with normal sperm count and attending an andrology laboratory for infertility-related problems in an Indian city.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the semen quality and age-specific changes in men between the 1980s and 2000s. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Andrology laboratory, University of Calcutta, India. PATIENT(S): A semen sample was obtained from 3729 men presenting for infertility problems in two distinct decades, that is, between 1981-85 and 2000-2006. INTERVENTION(S): Subjects with sperm count >20 x 10(6)/mL without any extreme pathological disorders were selected. Samples having a major liquefaction problem were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): A standard World Health Organization procedure for semen analysis was performed that included assessment of volume, sperm concentration, and percentage motility. The motility parameters were further classified into forward progressive motility and nonprogressive motility. RESULT(S): The present large-scale study confirms a significant decline in the sperm motility parameters and seminal volume in the present decade. However, no change in overall sperm concentration was noted. A decline was seen in sperm motility with increasing age in both decades. CONCLUSION(S): There are significant changes in sperm motility and volume between the two decades, and the age-related changes in semen parameters are also different in the two decades.

Genotoxicity study with special reference to DNA damage by comet assay in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe exposed to drinking water.

The objective of this study was to investigate genotoxicity, especially DNA damage, in drinking water samples collected from tap by using fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model organism. Generally raw water potabolization is done by treatment with polymeric coagulant, alum, chlorine, etc. In the comet test, highly significant (P<0.001) effects of DNA damage were detected in treated water (tap water) when compared to negative control (raw water) as well as laboratory control (distilled water) samples for both 1 h and 2 h exposure. In the water treatment plant, raw water treatment is done by the process of prechlorination, alum and polymeric coagulant (CatflocT) dosing, postchlorination, filtration and final discharge for consumption. In conclusion it can be stated from the results that chlorinated disinfectant, alum and polymeric coagulant (CatflocT) mixture used in drinking water has a potent cumulative genotoxic effect in the eukaryotic cells and may pose potential genotoxic risk for human health following long-term consumption.