ABSTRACT
Early and accurate detection of viruses in children might help prevent transmission and severe diseases. In this study, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) detection in children was evaluated using saliva specimens with a Proteinase K (PTK)-based RNA preparation, as saliva collection is a simple and noninvasive procedure, even in young children, with fewer concerns about sample contamination. The saliva-based PTK and the conventional paired nasopharyngeal aspiration (NPA)-based detection methods were compared between COVID-19-positive and -negative children. In addition, the detection rate for SARS-COV-2 and the difference between admission and discharge by the saliva-based PTK method was tested in COVID-19 patients. The diagnostic accuracy of the saliva-based PTK method was 98.8% compared to NP swab-based reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Saliva samples showed high sensitivity (94.1%) and specificity (100%) when using the PTK method. Furthermore, the saliva-based PTK method significantly reduced the test processing time by 2 h. Notably, Ct values at discharge increased in saliva samples compared with those at admission, which might indicate patients' clinical conditions or virus activity. In conclusion, the saliva-based PTK implemented in this study streamlines RNA extraction, making the process faster, safer, and more cost-effective, demonstrating that this method is a rapid and reliable diagnostic tool for SARS-CoV-2 detection in children.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Saliva , Child , Humans , Child, Preschool , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , Endopeptidase K , COVID-19/diagnosis , RNA , Specimen Handling , Nasopharynx , COVID-19 TestingABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the innervation of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP). METHODS: In PubMed and Scopus, terms (Flexor digitorum profundus OR FDP) AND (innervation OR nerve) were used, resulting in 233 and 281 papers, respectively. After excluding 142 duplicates, 73 abstracts were reviewed. Forty-seven abstracts were excluded, 26 full papers were reviewed, and 17 papers were analyzed. RESULTS: In most cases (97.6%), the index FDP was innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN). Dual innervation from the AIN and ulnar nerve (UN) was observed in 2.4% of papers. In majority (76.8%), the middle FDP received dual innervation from the AIN and the UN. The rest was innervated by the AIN only (22.0%) or the UN only (1.2%). In most cases (85.4%), the ring FDP was innervated by the UN only. The rest (14.6%) received dual innervation from the AIN and the UN. In majority of cases (64.6%), the little FDP was innervated by the UN only. The rest (35.4%) received dual innervation from the AIN and the UN. The AIN entered the FDP at 107.63 (8.80) mm from the elbow, corresponding to 26.75% (2.17%) of the forearm length, measured proximally. The average number of AIN branches to the FDP was 2.27 (1.33). The average number of UN branches to the FDP was 1.37 (0.94). In 8.8% of limbs, a communicating branch supplied the FDP. Among the limbs with a communicating branch, 32.3% had branches supplying the FDP. CONCLUSION: The results of this study may be useful in managing nerve injury patients.
OBJECTIF: La présente étude visait à analyser l'innervation du tendon fléchisseur profond (TFP). MÉTHODOLOGIE: Dans PubMed et Scopus, les chercheurs ont utilisé les termes Flexor digitorum profundus OU FDP ET innervation OU nerve et ont obtenu 233 et 281 articles, respectivement. Après avoir exclu 142 articles dédoublés, ils ont examiné 73 résumés et en ont exclu 47. Ils ont parcouru 26 articles complets et en ont analysé 17. RÉSULTATS: Dans la plupart des cas (97.6%), le TFP de l'index était innervé par le nerf interosseux antérieur (NIA). Les chercheurs ont observé la double innervation par le NIA et le nerf ulnaire (NU) dans 2.4% des cas. Le TFP du majeur était doublement innervé par le NIA et le NU dans la majorité des cas (76.8%). Les autres cas étaient innervés seulement par le NIA (22.0%) ou par le NU (1.2%). Dans la plupart des cas (85.4%), le TFP de l'annulaire était seulement innervé par le NU. Les autres (14.6%) étaient doublement innervés par le NIA et le NU. Le TFP de l'auriculaire était seulement innervé par le NU dans la majorité des cas (64.6%). Les autres (35.4%) étaient doublement innervés par le NIA et le NU. Le NIA pénétrait dans le TFP à 107.63 (8.80) mm du coude, ce qui correspond à une mesure proximale de 26.75% (2.17%) de la longueur de l'avant-bras. Il y avait une moyenne de 2.27 (1.33) ramifications du NIA vers le TFP et de 1.37 (0.94) ramification du NU vers le TFP. Dans 8.8% des membres, une ramification communicante alimentait le TFP; 32.3% étaient alors dotés de ramifications alimentant le TFP. CONCLUSION: Les résultats de la présente étude peuvent être utiles pour la prise en charge des patients ayant une lésion nerveuse.
