Largest recent impact craters on Mars: Orbital imaging and surface seismic co-investigation.

Two >130-meter-diameter impact craters formed on Mars during the later half of 2021. These are the two largest fresh impact craters discovered by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter since operations started 16 years ago. The impacts created two of the largest seismic events (magnitudes greater than 4) recorded by InSight during its 3-year mission. The combination of orbital imagery and seismic ground motion enables the investigation of subsurface and atmospheric energy partitioning of the impact process on a planet with a thin atmosphere and the first direct test of martian deep-interior seismic models with known event distances. The impact at 35°N excavated blocks of water ice, which is the lowest latitude at which ice has been directly observed on Mars.

Initial results from the New Horizons exploration of 2014 MU69, a small Kuiper Belt object.

The Kuiper Belt is a distant region of the outer Solar System. On 1 January 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft flew close to (486958) 2014 MU69, a cold classical Kuiper Belt object approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. Such objects have never been substantially heated by the Sun and are therefore well preserved since their formation. We describe initial results from these encounter observations. MU69 is a bilobed contact binary with a flattened shape, discrete geological units, and noticeable albedo heterogeneity. However, there is little surface color or compositional heterogeneity. No evidence for satellites, rings or other dust structures, a gas coma, or solar wind interactions was detected. MU69's origin appears consistent with pebble cloud collapse followed by a low-velocity merger of its two lobes.

The 1997 Mars Pathfinder Spacecraft Landing Site: Spillover Deposits from an Early Mars Inland Sea.

The Martian outflow channels comprise some of the largest known channels in the Solar System. Remote-sensing investigations indicate that cataclysmic floods likely excavated the channels ~3.4 Ga. Previous studies show that, in the southern circum-Chryse region, their flooding pathways include hundreds of kilometers of channel floors with upward gradients. However, the impact of the reversed channel-floor topography on the cataclysmic floods remains uncertain. Here, we show that these channel floors occur within a vast basin, which separates the downstream reaches of numerous outflow channels from the northern plains. Consequently, floods propagating through these channels must have ponded, producing an inland sea, before reaching the northern plains as enormous spillover discharges. The resulting paleohydrological reconstruction reinterprets the 1997 Pathfinder landing site as part of a marine spillway, which connected the inland sea to a hypothesized northern plains ocean. Our flood simulation shows that the presence of the sea would have permitted the propagation of low-depth floods beyond the areas of reversed channel-floor topography. These results explain the formation at the landing site of possible fluvial features indicative of flow depths at least an order of magnitude lower than those apparent from the analyses of orbital remote-sensing observations.

Who's challenging who? Changing attitudes towards those whose behaviour challenges.

BACKGROUND: Although staff attitudes towards individuals with intellectual disability (ID) whose behaviour challenges may be an important part of a positive support culture, very little research has focused on the development of training specifically designed to change staff attitudes. Positive contact is hypothesised to be an effective way to change attitudes towards stigmatised groups. METHODS: We designed and developed a half day training package about the experiences of individuals whose behaviour challenges - Who's Challenging Who (WCW). The WCW package was delivered according to a manual by a trainer with ID and a professional without disability. Seventy-six staff from a variety of organisations participated in one of 10 WCW training sessions and provided data on their attitudes and empathy towards individuals whose behaviour challenges prior to the WCW training and immediately at the end of training. Staff also completed a post-training evaluation questionnaire. RESULTS: A training package was successfully developed collaboratively with individuals whose behaviour challenges, and received very positive evaluations from staff participants. Short-term positive change was shown for empowerment and similarity attitudes, and staff empathy and self-efficacy. These outcomes were associated with small to moderate effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS: Meaningful short-term positive staff attitude changes were found and the WCW training model was shown to be feasible. More robust research designs are needed for future evaluation. In addition, the function of an attitude change intervention such as WCW within organisations' training strategies requires further development.

A closer look at water-related geologic activity on Mars.

Water has supposedly marked the surface of Mars and produced characteristic landforms. To understand the history of water on Mars, we take a close look at key locations with the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, reaching fine spatial scales of 25 to 32 centimeters per pixel. Boulders ranging up to approximately 2 meters in diameter are ubiquitous in the middle to high latitudes, which include deposits previously interpreted as finegrained ocean sediments or dusty snow. Bright gully deposits identify six locations with very recent activity, but these lie on steep (20 degrees to 35 degrees) slopes where dry mass wasting could occur. Thus, we cannot confirm the reality of ancient oceans or water in active gullies but do see evidence of fluvial modification of geologically recent mid-latitude gullies and equatorial impact craters.

Phase I study of suramin combined with doxorubicin in the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer.

In this study, we determined the maximum tolerated plasma concentration of suramin (within the predetermined study target range) when combined with doxorubicin in the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Twenty-four patients received suramin dosages based on proportional adjustment of the steady-state plasma suramin concentration to achieve the targeted plasma concentrations of 50-100, 101-150, 151-200, or 201-250 microg/ml. Doxorubicin (20 mg/m2) was administered i.v. over 24 h at weekly intervals. Suramin was given i.v. over 2 h twice weekly. Patients received treatment until dose-limiting toxicity or disease progression. Side effects similar to those reported for suramin and doxorubicin administered as individual agents were observed. Dose-limiting motor neuropathy developed in three patients (13%). Twelve of 24 evaluable patients (50%; 95% confidence interval, 28-71%) and 6 of 10 evaluable patients (60%; 95% confidence interval, 26-88%) had a >50% decrease of prostate-specific antigen and measurable lesions, respectively. The maximum tolerated plasma level of suramin when combined with doxorubicin was 151-200 microg/ml. Future studies on suramin combined with doxorubicin or other agents could be performed using a fixed dosing scheme with a targeted suramin steady-state plasma concentration of 200 microg/ml.

The evolution of health programming on cable television.

Health-oriented television programming occurred only on a sporadic basis until 1982, when a health information project was embodied in the formation of the Cable Health Network (CHN), a 24-hour, advertiser-supported, satellite-delivered cable network. As the network began, however, it ran into difficulties. A series of events led to a metamorphosis, including a merger of CHN with ABC/Hearst's network Daytime into the Lifetime network. A gradual but substantial replacement of health programming with more general entertainment fare took place. The network has enjoyed greater financial success in recent times, but success has come considerably at the expense of the health component, even though health promotion remains an important part of the programming. The study supports the suggestion by some researchers that the impact of mass media health promotion should be studied in the context of lifestyle and audience usage, rather than strictly as a linear message-audience-effect model.

Gifted children benefit from health classes accelerated to their needs.

Health education is an optimal route for informing individuals and groups about their bodies and preserving and protecting health. Gifted children have the same health needs regarding health as all children, but because of their accelerated intellectual abilities, their need for information may out-distance those of peers. This article reflects the experience of a nurse-educator who taught a special summer health course to a group of academically talented fourth and fifth graders. The children chose this class on their own and were enthusiastic with "hands-on" experiences of human functioning. Not only were these youngsters a challenge to work with, but their ability to master concepts quickly made the course a truly dynamic learning experience.