ABSTRACT
Fragile X syndrome is the most common of the inherited disorders causing mental retardation. This disorder results from an abnormal expansion in (CGG)n in repeat found in the coding sequence of the FMRI gene, located at Xq 27.3. Previously it was detected by Karyotyping. With the advent of Molecular Biology PCR, has become the best method in the diagnosis of this disorder. This is a case report of a family with this disorder detected by PCR.
Subject(s)
Fragile X Syndrome/diagnosis , RNA-Binding Proteins , Adolescent , Adult , Child , DNA/analysis , Family Health , Female , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Humans , Intellectual Disability/diagnosis , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Male , Middle Aged , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sex Chromosome Aberrations , Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion/genetics , X Chromosome/geneticsABSTRACT
Sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) is the mainstay of treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar. In view of the increasing incidence of refractoriness to SAG in India, we compared the levels of parasite-specific IgG and IgG subclasses in 20 longitudinally followed up kala-azar patients. In both SAG-responsive (n = 10) and unresponsive patients (n = 10), the levels of total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 were increased, the rank order being IgG1 > IgG2 > IgG3 = IgG4. Following treatment, a significant decrease in total IgG and the four subclasses occurred in the SAG-responsive group, whereas in the SAG-unresponsive group these levels were unchanged or slightly increased. Therefore, monitoring of IgG1 and IgG2 levels in Indian kala-azar patients is a good serologic alternative to monitoring the disease status.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Leishmania donovani/immunology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Protozoan/classification , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/classification , India , Longitudinal StudiesABSTRACT
Concentrations of trovafloxacin were measured in serum, alveolar macrophages, epithelial lining fluid and bronchial mucosa following single and multiple oral doses. Concentrations were determined using a microbiological assay method. There were 18 subjects in the single dose and nine subjects in the multiple dose groups. After single dosing, mean concentrations in serum, alveolar macrophages, epithelial lining fluid and bronchial mucosa at 6, 12 and 24 h were as follows: 6 h, 1.41 mg/L, 19.06 mg/L, 3.01 mg/L and 1.52 mg/kg; 12 h, 0.85 mg/L, 16.22 mg/L, 4.8 mg/L and 1.01 mg/kg; 24 h, 0.37 mg/L, 10.23 mg/L, 0.93 mg/L, and no measurable concentration, respectively. After multiple dosing (approximately 6 h post-dose) the corresponding concentrations were 1.47 mg/L, 34.3 mg/L, 10.21 mg/L and 1.67 mg/kg, respectively. These concentrations exceed the MIC90s for the common respiratory pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae 0.06 mg/L, Moraxella catarrhalis 0.008 mg/L and Streptococcus pneumoniae 0.12 mg/L and suggest that trovafloxacin should be efficacious in the treatment of community- and hospital-acquired respiratory infections.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacokinetics , Fluoroquinolones , Naphthyridines/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Anti-Infective Agents/blood , Bronchi/metabolism , Bronchoscopy , Female , Humans , Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism , Male , Mucous Membrane/metabolism , Naphthyridines/bloodABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An elderly man with no obvious preexisting coagulation disorder had paraplegia following epidural block for transurethral prostatectomy that was later found to be due to a large epidural hematoma requiring surgical decompression of the spinal cord. METHODS: There was a delay in starting treatment since the cause was not initially suspected. RESULTS: The patient did not improve much after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: The anesthesiologist should be alert to the possibility of epidural hematoma forming in otherwise normal patients to avoid such unfavorable outcomes.
