ABSTRACT
Generalist natural enemies play an important role in controlling soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in North America. Several sampling methods are used to monitor natural enemy populations in soybean, but there has been little work investigating their relative bias, precision, and efficiency. We compare five sampling methods: quadrats, whole-plant counts, sweep-netting, walking transects, and yellow sticky cards to determine the most practical methods for sampling the three most prominent species, which included Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). We show an important time by sampling method interaction indicated by diverging community similarities within and between sampling methods as the growing season progressed. Similarly, correlations between sampling methods for the three most abundant species over multiple time periods indicated differences in relative bias between sampling methods and suggests that bias is not consistent throughout the growing season, particularly for sticky cards and whole-plant samples. Furthermore, we show that sticky cards produce strongly biased capture rates relative to the other four sampling methods. Precision and efficiency differed between sampling methods and sticky cards produced the most precise (but highly biased) results for adult natural enemies, while walking transects and whole-plant counts were the most efficient methods for detecting coccinellids and O. insidiosus, respectively. Based on bias, precision, and efficiency considerations, the most practical sampling methods for monitoring in soybean include walking transects for coccinellid detection and whole-plant counts for detection of small predators like O. insidiosus. Sweep-netting and quadrat samples are also useful for some applications, when efficiency is not paramount.
Subject(s)
Aphids/physiology , Coleoptera/physiology , Heteroptera/physiology , Pest Control, Biological/methods , Animals , Coleoptera/growth & development , Food Chain , Heteroptera/growth & development , Larva/growth & development , Larva/physiology , Minnesota , Nymph/growth & development , Nymph/physiology , Population Density , Species SpecificitySubject(s)
Child Abuse, Sexual/diagnosis , Incest , Nursing Assessment/methods , Pregnancy in Adolescence/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Anger , Fathers/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , PregnancySubject(s)
HTLV-I Infections/diagnosis , HTLV-I Infections/nursing , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/nursing , Female , HTLV-I Infections/complications , HTLV-I Infections/transmission , Humans , Patient Education as Topic/methods , Pregnancy , Prenatal Care/methods , PrognosisABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: The accumulation of 99mTc-tetrofosmin (TFos) was studied in wildtype (WT) and doxorubicin-resistant (AdrR) variants of the rat MatB and human MCF-7 breast tumor cell lines to determine whether TFos, like 99mTc-sestamibi (MIBI), is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a multidrug-resistance transporter. METHODS: The time course of accumulation of TFos and MIBI in WT and AdrR cells over 1 hr was studied using single-cell suspensions at 1 x 10(6) cells/ml incubated at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of PSC833, a potent modulator of P-gp. Modulator dose-response curves were generated for PSC833, cyclosporin A, and verapamil. RESULTS: In both MatB and MCF-7 cells, TFos and MIBI accumulated extensively in WT cells and accumulation was not affected by PSC833. In contrast, ADrR cell lines accumulated very little of either tracer, but addition of PSC833 or other modulator increased this accumulation in a dose-dependent fashion. TFos and MIBI did not differ significantly in their behavior. CONCLUSION: TFos shares with MIBI the property of being a substrate for P-gp and thus TFos may be useful for functional imaging of tumor P-gp status.
Subject(s)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/analysis , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Organotechnetium Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Breast Neoplasms , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Female , Humans , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental , Rats , Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi/pharmacokinetics , Time Factors , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
The importance of patient education is recognized everywhere. Why, then, are there so many inadequate programs? A study of nursing and medical faculty at a major medical center reveals three key barriers to providing the best possible information.
Subject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Faculty, Medical , Faculty, Nursing , Patient Education as Topic/statistics & numerical data , Attitude to Health , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Female , Humans , Male , Patients/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , United StatesABSTRACT
Le rapport expose les conclusions et recommandations d'une étude portant sur dix écoles de médecine qui ont choisi un enseignement orienté vers la communauté et axé sur les problèmes. Il s'agissait d'une part de constater les différences dans l'évolution de ces écoles -- situées en Australie, au Cameroun, au Canada, aux Etats-Unis d'Amérique, en Israël, au Mexique, au N,pal, aux Pays-Bas et aux Philippines -- et d'autre part de fixer des normes permettant de mesurer et de comparer leur succès dans la réalisation des objectifs qu'elles avaient définis. L'ouvrage rapporte les résultats d'une grande enquête transinstitutions sur les modifications des modes d'enseignement, et définit en outre un certain nombre de problèmes fondamentaux, des méthodes qui doivent permettre de réaliser les objectifs, et des zones d'impact potentielles où pourra être mesuré le succès de ces méthodes
Subject(s)
Education, Medical , Community Medicine , Comprehensive Health CareABSTRACT
Reports the findings and observations of a study focused on ten medical schools that have undertaken community-oriented and problem-based education. The study, which included schools located in Australia, Cameroon, Canada, Israel, Mexico, Nepal, the Netherlands, the Philippines, and the United States of America, was designed to uncover differences in the ways these schools have evolved while also establishing standards for measuring and comparing the extent of their success in meeting stated objectives. Apart from recording the results of a major cross-institutional review of educational changes, the book also succeeds in identifying a number of fundamental questions, component methods for achieving objectives, and potential areas of impact where the success of these methods can be effectively measured
Subject(s)
Education, Medical , Community Medicine , Comprehensive Health CareABSTRACT
Legal expenses arising from food-borne outbreaks have not been reported in the medical literature, to the best of our knowledge. Expenses of an outbreak of food-borne botulism involving 34 victims in 1978 exceeded +5.8 million. These included outbreak investigation and control (3.2% of total), medical care for patients with botulism from April 1978 through October 1981 (12.3%), and settlements and legal charges (84.4%). Legal actions following food-borne outbreaks must be recognized for several reasons. First, the delay between the outbreak and the conclusion of legal activity (three years in this instance) mandates prompt and meticulous written documentation of investigation and control work. Second, legal expenses may make a large contribution to the total societal impact of food-borne disease outbreaks. Finally, awareness of the legal expense strengthens the rationale for public and private expenditures on food-borne disease prevention in this country.
