ABSTRACT
Ice masses and snow of Hunza River Basin (HRB) are an important primary source of fresh water and lifeline for downstream inhabitants. Changing climatic conditions seriously put an impact on these available ice and snow masses. These glaciers may affect downstream population by glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) and surge events due to climatic variation. So, monitoring of these glaciers and available ice masses is important. This research delivers an approach for dynamics of major glaciers of the Hunza River Basin. We delineated 27 major glaciers of HRB and examined their status by using Landsat (OLI, ETM+, ETM, TM), digital elevation model (DEM) over the period of 1990-2018. In 1990, the total area covered by these glaciers is about 2589.75 ± 86 km2 and about 2565.12 ± 68km2 in 2018. Our results revealed that from 2009 to 2015, glacier coverage of HRB advanced with a mean annual advance rate of 2.22 ± 0.1 km2 a-1. Conversely, from 1994 to 1999, the strongest reduction in glacier area with a mean rate of - 3.126 ± 0.3 km2 a-1 is recorded. The glaciers of HRB are relatively stable compared to Hindukush, Himalayan, and Tibetan Plateau region of the world. The steep slope glacier's retreat rate is more than that of gentle slope glaciers, and the glaciers below an elevation of 5000 m above sea level change significantly. Based on climate data from 1995 to 2018, HRB shows a decreasing trend in temperature and increasing precipitation. The glacier area's overall retreat is due to an increase in summer temperature while the glacier advancement is induced possibly by winter and autumn precipitation.
Subject(s)
Climate Change , Ice Cover , Floods , Lakes , RiversABSTRACT
The study endeavored to analyze the risk perception, sense of place, and disaster preparedness in response to landslide disaster-prone mountain areas of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. To this end, we surveyed 315 rural residents of two vulnerable landslide districts (Hunza and Nagar) of Gilgit-Baltistan. To explore the relationships between the dimensions of risk perception, sense of place, and disaster preparedness, we used partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypotheses. The results derived from PLS-SEM have implied that there is a significant negative relationship between risk perception (apprehension and unidentified) with a sense of place (bond with society and place dependence). It was observed that the residents usually overestimate the risks of disasters due to their limited scientific knowledge regarding disaster occurrence, which reduces their dependencies on the place. We revealed that disaster preparedness enhances the place attachment and reduces the apprehension of landslides in the study area. This study devotes to government and relevant agencies to devise policies that can help relocate the vulnerable rural settlements, develop, and educate the masses on disaster mitigation and prevention strategies, and help prepare a suitable landslide management plan.