Superparasitism in laboratory rearing of Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a parasitoid of medfly (Diptera: Tephritidae).

The frequency of superparasitism and its effects on the quality of laboratory-reared Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitoids were investigated under laboratory conditions. Numerous variables were measured, such as the number of 'ovip holes' per host as a measure of superparasitism. Adult emergence and sex ratio, as well as female size, emergence ability from soil and longevity were also measured. Finally, an assessment was made of fertility and survival of adult parasitoids emerging from the medfly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae with different levels of superparasitism. A high frequency and prevalence of superparasitism under laboratory rearing conditions was observed. The number of 'ovip holes' per host ranged from one to 17, with an average (±SD) of 2.8±3.4. Sex ratios became increasingly female-biased with increasing levels of superparasitism, although overall levels of wasp emergence (male, female) declined. Nevertheless, no relationship was discerned between female size and level of superparasitism. The 'emergence ability from the soil' was higher in those parasitoids that emerged from strongly superparasitized hosts, but not related to the type of substrate in which the host pupae were buried. The level of superparasitism did not have a significant effect on the longevity, fertility and survival of female parasitoids. Our results support the hypothesis that superparasitism in S. cameroni might be adaptive, since attributes such as 'emergence ability from the soil', longevity, fertility and survival were not affected by the level of superparasitism or the presumably detrimental effects derived from physical combats among conspecific larvae. Our findings are relevant to recommendations for rearing S. cameroni for biological control releases, as well as shedding light on superparasitism under both laboratory and field conditions.

Transporte intrahospitalario del paciente grave. Necesidad de una guía de actuación / Intrahospital transportation of the seriously ill patient. The need for an action guideline

Los fundamentos que originan el traslado de enfermos en estado grave dentro del propio hospital son variados y todos entrañan un riesgo para la estabilidad del paciente y una responsabilidad para los profesionales que lo acompañan. El cuidado que supone la debida atención al enfermo y la necesidad de coordinación entre las partes exigen una homogeneización de los criterios de traslado y de las maniobras previas necesarias. Dada la carencia de un sistema de intervención que guíe esta práctica, se realiza este trabajo en el que se describen los trayectos intrahospitalarios posibles, el transporte de esta clase de pacientes y las fases de que consta este tipo de transporte, así como las alteraciones fisiológicas más frecuentes, con el objetivo de desarrollar un esquema de actuación para el transporte intrahospitalario del paciente grave y reducir la incidencia de eventos adversos durante el traslado intrahospitalario. Se presenta un sistema de clasificación que permite calcular el nivel de riesgo y anticipar los cuidados que puede requerir un paciente durante el traslado (AU)

The basics caused by the transportation of a patient in serious condition within the same hospital are varied, all of them involving a risk to the patient's stability and a responsibility for the accompanying professionals. The care that supposes the appropriate attention to the patient and the need for coordination among the parties make it necessary to homogenize the transfer criteria and those of the necessary previous maneuvers. This work has been carried out based on the lack of an intervention system that guides this practice. This work describes the possible intrahospital itineraries, the transport of this kind of patient, the phases of this type of transport as well as the most frequent physiologic alterations. The purpose of all this is to develop an action algorithm for the serious patient's intrahospital transportation and to reduce the incidence of adverse events during this transfer. A classification system that makes it possible to calculate the level of risk and to anticipate the care needs that a patient may require during the transfer is presented (AU)

[Intrahospital transportation of the seriously ill patient. The need for an action guideline]. / Transporte intrahospitalario del paciente grave. Necesidad de una guía de actuación.

The basics caused by the transportation of a patient in serious condition within the same hospital are varied, all of them involving a risk to the patient's stability and a responsibility for the accompanying professionals. The care that supposes the appropriate attention to the patient and the need for coordination among the parties make it necessary to homogenize the transfer criteria and those of the necessary previous maneuvers. This work has been carried out based on the lack of an intervention system that guides this practice. This work describes the possible intrahospital itineraries, the transport of this kind of patient, the phases of this type of transport as well as the most frequent physiologic alterations. The purpose of all this is to develop an action algorithm for the serious patient's intrahospital transportation and to reduce the incidence of adverse events during this transfer. A classification system that makes it possible to calculate the level of risk and to anticipate the care needs that a patient may require during the transfer is presented.

[Utility of cystatin-C in hospitalized patients. Comparing with different methods of assessing renal function]. / Utilidad de la cistatina-C en el ámbito hospitalario. Comparación con los distintos métodos de valoración renal.

Serum creatinine is the most widely use parameter to assessing renal function, even though limitations, some time is necessary measure 24 h creatinine clearance (CLcr), or estimate Cockroft-Gault (C-G) or MDRD formulas. Different methods can offer different results, and cause confusion in clinicians. Using Cystatin-C as new parameter of renal function could suppose an important improvement. The objective of our study was to compare the different methods from renal evaluation and establish the utility of cistatina-C in the hospital area. In the study were included 70 patients (44 men) selected of random way, predominate patients with kidney disease and diabetics, which was made CLcr and calculated C-G and MDRD formulas. The mean age of the patients was 66+/-14 years, mean weight 73+/-17 Kg, creatinine 2,14+/-1,77 mg/dL, cystatin-c 1,77+/-1,18 mg/L, CLcr 54,39+/-36,2 mL/min. The correlation of 1/Crea with the Clcr, C-G and MDRD formulas was respectively: 0,7735, 0.8269 and 0.9613, (p< 0.0001). The correlation of 1/Cist with the Clcr, C-G and MDRD was respectively: 0,836, 0.8142 and 0.832, (p<0,0001). By Bland-Altman graphs the average of the difference between CLcr with CG and MDRD was 2,8 mL/min and -1,5 mL/min respectively. Comparing CG with MDRD was 1,7 mL/min. The average of the observed absolute differences between CLcr with CG and MDRD was 13.5 mL/min and 17.1 mL/min respectively. Between this formulas the average was 12.5 mL/min. Statistically significant differences between the different methods from renal evaluation do not exist (p>0,05). In conclusion, most of the urine collections could be avoided with the use of the formulas. Cystatin-c is far beyond the creatinine, mainly to detect slight renal alteration (sensitivity 80,4% U.S. 44,7% in men) becoming a promising alternative, that could reduce considerably hidden renal insufficiency (non detected by creatinine), although more studies are needed to confirm.

Utilidad de la cistatina C en el ámbito hospitalario. Comparación con los distintos métodos de valoración renal / Utility of cystatin-C in hospitalized patients. Comparing with different methods of assessing renal fuction

La prueba utilizada habitualmente para valorar la función renal es la creatinina sérica, aunque por sus limitaciones, en muchas ocasiones es necesario recurrir a la medida del aclaramiento de creatinina en orina de 24 horas (Clcr), la fórmula de Cockroft-Gault (CG) o la fórmula de Levey (MDRD). Los distintos métodos pueden dar distintos resultados, creando una situación de confusión a los clínicos. La introducción de la Cistatina-C como nuevo marcador de función renal, podría suponer una mejora considerable. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue comparar los distintos métodos de valoración renal y establecer la utilidad de la cistatina-C en el ámbito hospitalario. Fueron incluidos en el estudio 70 pacientes (44 hombres) seleccionados de manera aleatoria, predominando enfermos renales y pacientes diabéticos, a los que se les realizó el CLcr y se calculó CG y MDRD. La edad media de los pacientes fue 66 ± 14años, peso medio 73 ± 17Kg, creatinina 2,14 ± 1,77 mg/dL, cistatina-c 1,77 ± 1,18 mg/L, CLcr 54,39 ± 36,2 mL/min. La correlación entre 1/Crea con el Clcr, CG y MDRD fue respectivamente: 0,7735, 0,8269 y 0,9613, (p 0,05). En conclusión, la mayoría de las recogidas de orina podrían evitarse con la utilización de las fórmulas. La Cistatina es muy superior a la creatinina, sobre todo para detectar leve alteración renal (sensibilidad 80,4% vs 44,7% en hombres) convirtiéndose en una alternativa prometedora que reduciría a más de la mitad la IRC oculta generada por la creatinina, aunque se necesitan más estudios para confirmarlo

Serum creatinine is the most widely used parameter to assessing renal function, even though limitations, some time is necessary meassure 24 h creatinine clearance (CLcr), or estimate Cockroft-Gault (C-G) or MDRD formulas. Different methods can offer different results, and cause confusion in clinicians. Using Cystatin- C as new parameter of renal function could suppose an important improvement. The objective of our study was to compare the different methods from renal evaluation and establish the utility of cistatina-C in the hospital area. In the study were included 70 patients (44 men) selected of random way, predominate patients with kidney disease and diabetics, which was made CLcr and calculated CG and MDRD formulas. The mean age of the patients was 66 ± 14years, mean weight 73 ± 17Kg, creatinine 2,14 ± 1,77 mg/dL, cystatin-c 1,77 ± 1,18 mg/L, CLcr 54,39 ± 36,2 mL/min. The correlation of 1/Crea with the Clcr, C-G and MDRD formulas was respectively: 0,7735, 0.8269 and 0.9613, (p 0,05). In conclusion, most of the urine collections could be avoided with the use of the formulas. Cystatin-c is far beyond the creatinine, mainly to detect slight renal alteration (sensitivity 80,4% US 44,7% in men) becoming a promising alternative, that could reduce considerably hidden renal insufficiency (non detected by creatinine), although more studies are needed to confirm

Pólipo fibroepitelial de uretra posterior en niños / Fibroepithelial polyp in the posterior urethra in children

El pólipo fibroepitelial de uretra posterior es una lesión infrecuente. Afecta con mayor frecuencia a niños que adultos. Se debe tener presente en todos aquellos lactantes o niños que presenten trastornos miccionales, en especial retención urinaria. Presentamos dos casos, ambos ocurridos en niños de 2 y 5 años (AU)

Tratamiento osteopático del esguince de tobillo / Osteophatic treatment of ankle sprains

El esguince de tobillo genera una desorganización mecánica que puede no quedar sólo a nivel de tobillo-pie, sino que puede transmitirse a rodilla-pelvis-columna a través de cadenas lesionales. Se analiza en este estudio cuáles son las lesiones osteopáticas asociadas al esguince y con qué frecuencia se dan, tomando una muestra de 150 casos de grados 0 y 1 de esguince de tobillo. Se hace también un estudio comparativo de los resultados del tratamiento osteopático, funcional y ortopédico sobre el grado 1 del esguince de tobillo, analizando especialmente cómo responde en cuanto al dolor, la carga y el edema. El tratamiento osteopático permite un ajuste de las articulaciones afectadas, lo cual proporciona un alivio inmediato del dolor y acelera de manera notable la recuperación funcional del tobillo, de tal forma que el paciente puede realizar una carga precoz y ejercicios que previenen el síndrome postinmovilización. Esto nos ha permitido obtener unos resultados espectaculares en cuanto a tiempo de recuperación y en cuanto a ausencia de secuelas postlesionales (AU)

Ankle sprains generate a mechanical disorganization that may not remain confined to the ankle and foot, being transmitted to the knee, pelvis, and spine through linked lesions. This study analyzed osteopathic lesions associated with sprains and their frequency in a sample of 150 ankle sprains of grade 0 and grade 1. The results of osteopathic, functional, and orthopedic treatment of grade 1 ankle sprains were analyzed, particularly response to pain, loading, and edema. Osteopathic treatment adjusts the affected joints, which immediately alleviates pain and notably accelerates the functional recovery of the ankle, so that patients can soon resume loading and exercises that prevent the post-immobilization syndrome. This produces spectacular results with respect to recovery time and the absence of injury sequelae (AU)

[Posterior urethral fibroepithelial polyp in children]. / Pólipo fibroepitelial de uretra posterior en niños.

A fibroepithelial polyp in the posterior urethra is a uncommon lesion. It is seen more frequently in children than in adults. It should be considered whenever an infant or a child presents with micturition disorders, particularly in the case of urinary retention. Contribution of two cases, both in children 2- and 5-year old.

Cirugia de los puentes compuestos femoropopliteos infrapatelares. / Surgery of the compound bypass femoropopliteal infrapatellar

El puente compuesto de protesis tubular de dacron-autoinjerto arterial realizado en 16 pacientes con el objeto de revascularizar la arteria poplitea infrapatelar fue exitoso en 9 (59,9%), con una evolucion promedio de 40 meses. Es un recurso aplicable ante la carencia de vena autogena viable, circunstancia frecuente en esta cirugia

Cirugia de los puentes compuestos femoropopliteos infrapatelares. / Surgery of the compound bypass femoropopliteal infrapatellar

El puente compuesto de protesis tubular de dacron-autoinjerto arterial realizado en 16 pacientes con el objeto de revascularizar la arteria poplitea infrapatelar fue exitoso en 9 (59,9%), con una evolucion promedio de 40 meses. Es un recurso aplicable ante la carencia de vena autogena viable, circunstancia frecuente en esta cirugia