Controversies in the pathophysiology and management of hyphema.

Traumatic hyphemas present dilemmas to physicians. There are numerous controversies pertaining to the optimal approach to traumatic hyphema and no standardized guidelines for its management. We address some of these controversies and present a pragmatic approach. We discuss various medical agents and surgical techniques available for treatment, along with the indications for their use. We address the complications associated with hyphema and how to diagnose and manage them and consider the management of hyphema in special situations such as in children and sickle-cell anemia and in rare clinical syndromes such as recurrent hyphema after placement of anterior chamber intraocular lenses.

Experimental autoimmune uveitis and other animal models of uveitis: An update.

Over the past several decades, animal models of autoimmune uveitis directed at eye-specific antigens (Ags) have been developed. These have allowed researchers to understand the basic mechanisms that lead to these diseases and also recently helped the researchers in translational research for therapeutic interventions. Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) is an animal disease model of human endogenous uveitis and can be induced in susceptible animals by immunization with retinal Ags. Ever since the first description of EAU in mice in 1988, several animal models of uveitis has been described by researchers. Disease-specific model for cytomegalovirus retinitis and tubercular uveitis has evolved our understanding of these complex entities. Endotoxin induced uveitis is another useful model for anterior uveitis, which is not an autoimmune process and is triggered by injection of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides) resulting in a rapid short lasting uveitis. The current article will give an insight into the various EAU animal models and their current implications in translational research. The article will also highlight the different grading systems for EAU in the animal model.

Bilateral Isolated Orbital Neurofibroma.

A rare case of bilateral orbital neurofibroma in a young healthy man is presented. The clinical, pathological and radiological features are described. The mass was excised using lateral orbitotomy approach in both the eyes. A definitive diagnosis was made on histopathological examination. The need for recognition and differentiation from the other causes of lacrimal gland swellings is discussed. A complete systemic evaluation in such cases is essential to rule out any associated disorders; however, such an association may not be universal.

Unusual intraorbital foreign body: a case report.

Penetrating eye injury is an important cause of ocular morbidity in India, especially in the pediatric and adolescent age group. Sometimes these injuries are associated with retained intraorbital foreign body. We report herein for the first time a child who had an open globe injury with a retained unusually large intraorbital foreign body (iron nut).